CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
While adequate research has been conducted in other countries of the world as named above in relation to biology topics perceived as difficult, and pupils’ learning challenges, very little research of this nature had been carried out in Zambia. Despite the teachers’ full knowledge of the difficulties that pupils face in learning some of these topics in biology which actually lower their overall performance in biology examinations, teachers have taken no serious steps to redress the situation. This is partly due to the teachers’ lack of specific research-based information on how to teach such problem topics which could otherwise serve as a tool in alleviating the pupils’ difficulties in learning the aforesaid topics. This study therefore established the topics in biology which were perceived as difficult and examined the pupils’ difficulties in learning biology, and highlighted 2 some of the possible teaching strategies that the biology teachers could use in order to address the learning challenges.
Various Scholars have investigated difficulties pupils face in learning biology in other countries such as Scotland, Nigeria, Turkey and Israel (Johnstone and Mahmoud 1980). In their findings, Johnstone and Mahmoud (1980) suggested that genetics was among the most challenging topics in biology for secondary school pupils. Lazarowitz and Penso (1992) identified cells, physiological processes and hormonal regulation as being the biological concepts that posed learning difficulties to the secondary school pupils. According to Johnestone (1999), monohybrid, dihybrid crosses and linkages in genetics, meiosis, central nervous system, alleles and genes were largely perceived by pupils as being topics of the highest difficulty.
There has been consistent decline in the performance of students in public examinations conducted by the west African Examination Council (WAEC) and the National Examination Council (NECO) in sciences across the country over the years (Agogo, 2003; Samba & Eriba, 2012). Ahmed and Abimbola (2011) argue that because of its numerous importance, Biology is the most popular choice, among science subjects nationwide, offered by candidates sitting for the senior secondary school certificate examinations. According to WAEC Research Report (2008) and (2009), despite the popularity of Biology, results of research studies always revealed the poor performance of students in the subject. Results from findings revealed that a vast number of factors are responsible for the students’ poor performance: difficult biological concepts (Tekkaya et al., 2001; Çimer, 2004; Zeidan, 2010); the nature of science itself and its teaching methods Lazarowitz and Penso (1992) as well as the biological level of organization and the abstract level of the concepts. Çimer (2011) argued that many concepts or topics in biology, including water transport in plants, protein synthesis, respiration and photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, energy, cells, mitosis and meiosis, organs, physiological processes, hormonal regulation, oxygen transport, genetics, Mendelian genetics, genetic engineering, and the central nervous system can be perceived as difficult to learn by secondary school students. While Tekkaya et al. (2001) found that hormones, genes and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, the nervous system, and Mendelian genetics were considered difficult concepts by secondary school students. Özcan, (2003) stressed that experiencing difficulties in so many topics in biology negatively affects students’ motivation and achievement. Students’ difficulties with many topics in biology have stimulated researchers to investigate why students experience such difficulties and how to overcome these difficulties. Experiencing difficulty in Biology could be attributed to many factors such as classroom learning environment, lack of interest in learning science, overloaded curriculum content and delineation of science from society, among others.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
For over a decade now various scholars of senior high school pupils have exhibited unsatisfactory performance in some biology topics that are perceived as difficult to learn, and the reasons for their learning challenges are not known. While adequate research has been conducted in other countries of the world in relation to biology topics perceived as difficult, and pupils’ learning challenges, very little research of this nature has been carried out in Nigeria especially Kogi State. The researcher also observed that once the teachers have difficulty in understanding certain biology topics, he/she will not be able to teach such topics to the good understanding of the students, hence such teacher is likely to avoid such topics and students are likely not understand the area of the biology curriculum not taught by the teachers and the students may even not prepare well for external examination in such topics. These might lead to poor performance in the senior secondary certificate examination as the syllabus and questions are based on the senior secondary education curriculum. Based on this premise, the study is set out to find out the perception of the students on difficult topics in senior secondary schools curriculum in Kogi state.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the perception of secondary school students on difficult topics in biology curriculum in Kogi state, specifically the study intends to:
1. Find out the difficult topics students are faced with in biology
2. Find out the perception of students concerning the difficult topics
3. Analyze the effects of these difficult topics on the academic performance of students in Kogi state.
1.4 Research Question
1. Is there any difficult topics students are faced with in biology?
2. What is the perception of students concerning the difficult topics?
3. Is there any effects of these difficult topics on the academic performance of students in Kogi state?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: there is no effects of these difficult topics on the academic performance of students in Kogi state
Hi: there is effects of these difficult topics on the academic performance of students in Kogi state
1.6 Significance of the Study
A lot of research has been done on pupils’ difficulties in learning biology across the globe generally. However, not much research, according to the literature, has been done on pupils’ learning difficulties in biology in Kogi state Nigeria. This study therefore is very important as it will provide useful data on the stdents learning difficulties in biology. It is hoped that data from this study may be useful to policy makers and curriculum designers in the Ministry of Education who may prescribe some changes in teaching methods. The results of the study would equally be useful to educational institutions, school heads; teachers of biology, parents of students studying biology, and other stake holders who may wish to improve classroom teaching and learning. It is also hoped that this study will motivate other scholars to carry out similar research into pupils’ learning difficulties in biology and other science subjects or scale up this work beyond Kogi state.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research work students perception on difficult topics in senior secondary school will be carried out in Lokoja, the capital of Kogi state as it will be very difficult to cover the whole of Kogi state due to some constraint like limited time to complete the research work. However the results of the research conducted will be generalize since Lokoja is the major city in kogi state.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
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