The Impact Of Social Distancing And Frequent Hand Washing In Reducing The Spread Of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) In Nigeria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – v
Table of content – – – – – – – – – vii
List of tables – – – – – – – – – – x
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the study – – – – – – – – 1
1.2. Statement of problem – – – – – – – – – 2
1.3. Objectives of the study – – – – – – – – 3
1.4. Research questions – – – – – – – – 4
1.5. Research Hypothesis – – – – – – – – 6
1.6. Significance of the study – – – – – – – – 4
1.7. Scope of the study – – – – – – – – 5
1.8. Operational definition of terms – – – – – – – 6
1.9. Organization of the Study – – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – 8
2.2. Conceptual Literature – – – – – – – 8
2.2.1. Social Distancing – – – – – – – – 8
2.2.2 Hand Washing – – – – – – – – 10
2.2.3. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – – – – – – 14
2.2.4. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Nigeria Case – – – – 15
2.3. Reviews of Empirical Studies – – – – – – – 16
2.4. Theoretical Review – – – – – – – – 19
2.4.1. The infectious disease causation theory – – – – – 19
2.4.2. The infectious disease transmission mechanism theory – – – 20
2.5. Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 24
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – – 27
3.2. Research Design – – – – – – – – – 27
3.3. Population of the Study – – – – – – – – 28
3.4. Sampling Size – – – – – – – – – 28
3.5. Sampling Technique – – – – – – – – 29
3.6. Instrument for Data Collection – – – – – – – 29
3.7. Method of Data Collection – – – – – – – 30
3.8. Validity/Reliability of Instrument – – – – – – 30
3.8.1. Reliability test – – – – – – – – – 31
3.9. Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – – 33
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – 34
4.2. Data Presentation/Analysis – – – – – – – 34
4.3. Testing of hypothesis – – – – – – – – 40
4.3. Discussion of Findings – – – – – – – – 42
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – 45
5.2. Summary – – – – – – – – – 45
5.3. Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 46
5.4. Recommendations – – – – – – – – 47
5.5. Limitations to the Study – – – – – – – 48
5.6. Suggestions for Further Studies – – – – – – 48
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – 49
APPENDIX – – – – – – – – – – 51
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Sex of Respondents – – – – – – – – 34
Table 2 Age distribution of Respondents – – – – – – 34
Table 3 Marital status of respondents – – – – – – 35
Table 4: Respondents views on whether they have heard of coronavirus disease – 35
Table 5: Respondents views on how they heard of COVID-19 – – – 36
Table 6: Respondents views on how they rate the level of coronavirus disease in Nigeria as
compared to other countries of the world – – – – 36
Table 7: Respondent view on whether they have heard of social distancing and frequent hand
washing as a means of reducing the spread of COVID-19 – – – 37
Table 8: Respondent view on whether they have observed social distancing and frequent hand
washing – – – – – – – – – 38
Table 9: Social distancing and frequent hand washing can help reduce the spread of
COVID-19 in Nigeria – – – – – – – 39
Table 10: Test of Hypothesis I – – – – – – – 41
ABSTRACT
This research work empirically explored the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to examine the level of coronavirus disease in Nigeria, investigate whether social distancing and frequent hand washing have help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria. The scope of the study is Nigeria, The infectious disease transmission mechanism theory was used as a framework. The research design used for this study is survey, the population targeted for this study consists of all residents of Lagos state, Ogun state and FCT. 400 residents were used as sample size and cluster sampling technique was applied. Instrument used for this study is the questionnaire. Data collected were collected from primary sources. From the analysis of the data, the findings shows that the level of coronavirus disease in Nigeria is average, social distancing and frequent hand washing can help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Following the findings, it was recommended that measures should be devised to curb the spread of the virus and vaccine created so as to prevent further spread of the virus, social distancing and frequent hand washing should be observed by every individuals, and proper hygiene should be ensured. The study concludes that social distancing and frequent hand washing can help reduce the spread of COVID-19.
Keywords: coronavirus disease, frequent hand washing, social distancing, Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
The biggest threat posed by COVID-19 outbreak is the health risk it poses. COVID-19 virus primarily spreads from person to person through direct contact with an infected person. Viral droplets are ejected from the mouth or nose when an infected person coughs or sneeze. The virus can also spread when a person touches a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touches their mouth nose or mouth. Recent studies have shown that virus may remain in surfaces or objects for up to 72 hours.
Government of Nigeria is forced to balance the health of their citizens with economic stability and their own debt by practicing social distancing. After more than a decade of unprecedented economic growth, the world is facing another global economic recession. In the past week, Nigerian government have been introducing aid programmes to ease the economic pressure brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the inevitable economic downturn that will follow.
Controlling the spread of influenza to reduce the effects of infection on a population is an important mandate of public health sector and the government of any nation. The Nigeria private sector and individuals get affected. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wahan China. COVID-19 is spreading from person to person in China and limited spread among close contacts has been detected in some countries outside China including Nigeria. There is presently no vaccine to protect against COVID-19 and there is no specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
Social distancing has been embraced as a key government strategy to manage the COVID-19 crisis. The policy involves limiting contact between people to reduce the viral transmission. It extends from avoid shaking of hands to maintaining at least 1.5meters distance from other and bans on non-essential gathering. This measures have significant economic impact. Individuals are being placed on quarantine or lockdown, as a result, the ability to carry out economic activities is limited. For an infection that is transmitted through person to person contact, hand washing with soap after any contact with a potentially infected person, surface or object is an effective method to help prevent oneself and others from contracting the virus. For novel viruses with no vaccines, it is especially important to practice preventive measures such as hand washing, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and social distancing to slow the outbreak.
While COVID-19 is having a devastating impact on the world, practicing social distancing and frequent hand washing can help slow its spread. This study, therefore, is posed to assess the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria.
1.2. Statement of the Research Problem
The human health state is considered the most critical to any country survival of a truism that healthy population bring about the desired goals of any country. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) discovered in 2019 spread from person to person. The first case of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa has been confirmed in Nigeria.
From evidence available to us, COVID-19 is presently in Nigeria,
The patient who first brought it to Nigeria is an Italian citizen who works in Nigeria and flew into the commercial city of Lagos from Milan on 25 February 2020. (BBC News, 2020).
Globally, more than 1,000,000 people in over 150 countries have been infected. Over 80,000 have died, the vast majority in China’s Hubei province, Italy, USA, Germany and Spain. In Nigeria 10 death has been recorded and over 200 infected.
In Nigeria, the ability to contain this virus also lie within the help of the populace in complying with the directives of the government. It is against this background that the researcher considered studying the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria.
1.3. Objectives of the study
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to:
- examine the level of coronavirus disease in Nigeria.
- investigate whether social distancing and frequent hand washing have help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria.
1.4. Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following research questions:
- What is the level of coronavirus disease in Nigeria?
- Has social distancing and frequent hand washing help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The study is guided by the following hypothesis:
H0: Social distancing and frequent hand washing have not help to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria.
1.6. Significance of the Study
The study will enable relevant agencies concerned with eradicating COVID-19 in Nigeria to know the implications of coronavirus disease and its spread in Nigeria. Empirically, this study is carried out to investigate the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria. This study will be of utmost importance to investors, government and the researchers because it will provide policy recommendations to the various Nigeria stakeholders taking adequate measures in Nigeria for rapid capacity investment. It will contribute to existing literature on the subject matter. This study will be of benefit to;
The Academia: members of the academia will find the study relevant as it will also form basis for further research and a reference tool for academic works.
Government: this study will reveal to the government happenings in Nigeria. Formulation and implementation of policies based on this findings would ensure development in the country.
Investors: this study shall also be valuable to the investors especially those who may have research interest as it shall guide their private investment decisions.
1.7. Scope of the Study
This study is intended to examine the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria with particular emphasis on resident of Lagos state, Ogun state and federal capital territory (FCT).
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms have been defined operationally.
- Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
- Disease: a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
- Infectious: (of a disease or disease-causing organism) liable to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc. through the environment.
- Spread: extend over a large or increasing area. It is the development or growth of something so that it covers over a larger area or affects a larger number of people. It implies the spread of COVID-19
- Social distancing: social distancing is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measure taken to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. It implies keeping a safe distance to prevent contracting COVID-19
- Hand washing: also known as hand hygiene is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing dirt and microorganisms. Here it implies cleaning of hands to prevent contracting COVID-19.
1.9. Organization of the Study
This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is introduction which consists of the background to the study, statement of problem, research questions, research hypotheses, objectives of the study, the significance of the study, the scope and limitations of the study and finally the organization of the study. Chapter two deals with the literature review which consists of the conceptual literature, theoretical literature, empirical literature, theoretical framework. Chapter three gives the research methodology including research design, population of study, sample size, sampling technique, method of data collection, instrument of data analysis, method of data analysis, validity/reliability of instrument. Chapter four is presentation and analysis of data, discussion of findings. Chapter five gives the summary, conclusion and recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The chapter deals with literature review on the concept of the impact of social distancing and frequent hand washing in reducing the spread of corona
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