ABSTRACT
Four experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of Garlic supplementation in broiler chickens. In the first experiments 0-4 weeks, a total of 270 day old broiler chicks were used for the experiment which had six treatments and three replicates, each replicate was allotted 15 birds in a completely randomized design. Six broiler starter diets were formulated such that (Diet 1) contains 0.01% of an antibiotic, Neocloxsin. For Diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, Garlic meal was included at 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50 and 3.00% in the Diets respectively. In the 2nd Experiment 5-9 weeks, 180 birds from experiment 1 were used. The experiment had six Diets and three replicates each; each replicate was allotted 12 birds in a completely randomized design. Six broiler finisher Diets were formulated, they contained the same level of antibiotics and Garlic meal as in experiment 1. There was significant (P < 0.05) difference in the finial body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed to gain ratio, feed cost per kg gain and mortality across dietary treatments. At the end of the starter and finisher phase of the experiment, 1.5% dietary level of garlic meal supplementation had a better feed conversion ratio and better live weight while the least was obtained on birds fed 3.0 % garlic inclusion. In the third experiment, the best graded level (1.5 %) of garlic meal from experiment 1 and 2 were compared with different antibiotics (N.C.O, Embazine, Vitacox and two natural ingredients, Garlic meal and Moringa leaves). The Experimental diets consists of Diets 1, No Antibiotic, No Garlic meal and Moringa leaves, Diets 2-6 contained N.C.O (0.10 %), Embazin (0.10 %), Vitacox (0.10 %), Garlic (1.5%) and Moringa (1.5%) respectively. A total of 270 day old broilers chicks were used for the experiment which had six treatments and three replicates, each replicate was allotted 15 birds in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 0-4 weeks. There was significant (P < 0.05) difference in finial bodyweight gain and feed intake. Birds fed Garlic meal and Moringa leaves supplementation had the highest live weight of 810.6g and 799.07g which was statistically similar to birds on control, N.C.O and Embazine but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than birds on Vitacox. The least finial weight was observed for birds fed diets containing Vitacox (588.49g). In the 4th experiment, 180 birds from experiment 3 were used. The experiment had six Diets and three replicates each; each replicate was allotted 12 birds in a completely randomized design. Six broiler diets were formulated; they contained the same level of antibiotic, garlic meal and Moringa as in experiment 3. The experiment lasted 5-9 weeks. The results in experiment 4, there were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio and finial body weight across Diets, better body weight over control and other dietary treatment were obtained in birds receiving diet supplemented with garlic meal and Moringa leaves (treatment 5 and 6) No significant difference were observed in carcass percentage and internal organs between birds fed experimental diets. From these results 1.5% garlic and 1.5% Moringa inclusion level both in starter diets and finisher diets supported optimal performance and compared favorable well with conventional antibiotics.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page…………………………………………………………………………………………………… i Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Copy Right Statement……………………………………………………………..iv Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………….v Certification………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………..viii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………ix Table of content……………………………………………………………………………………………x List of tables……………………………………………………………………………………………..xiii CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Objective of the study…………………………………………………………………………. 4 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.1 Antibiotics……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.2 Some Commercial Antibiotic used in poultry industry………………………. 5 2.2.1 Antiviral………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.2.2 Antifungal……………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2.2.3 Antibacterial………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 2.2.4 Antiprotozoan ………………………………………………………………………………. 8 2.3 Effect and Benefits of Antibiotics on feed utilization…………………………… 9
2.4 Natural Sources of growth promoters…………………………………………………. 10
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2.4.1 Bitter kola…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 2.4.2 Moringa………………………………………………………………………………………….13 2.5 Garlic as source of antibiotics……………………………………………………………….14 2.6 Benefits of using garlic over synthetic antibiotics…………………………………….16 2.6.1 Resistant bacteria………………………………………………………………………………16 2.6.2 Antiviral activity………………………………………………………………………………..16 2.6.3 Anti-Parasitic and Anti-fungal activity………………………………………………….17 2.6.4 Yeast infection……………………………………………………………………………………18 2.7 Effect of Garlic on Poultry Nutrition……………………………………………………….19 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Materials and methods………………………………………………………………………….20 3.1 Experimental site………………………………………………………………………………….20 3.2 Source of Garlic meal and Moringa leave………………………………………………..20 3.3 Source of Experimental birds………………………………………………………………..20 3.4 Experiment 1: Evaluation of the effect of feeding varying levels of garlic on the growth Performance of broiler chickens (0-4)……………………………………. 20 3.4.1 Experimental diets…………………………………………………………………………….. 20 3.4.2 Design and Management of experimental birds………………………………………23 3.4.3 Blood collection and Analysis. …………………………………………………………….24 3.5 Experiment 2: Evaluation of the effect of feeding varying levels of garlic on growth Performance of Broiler finisher (5-9weeks). ………………………………………..24 3.5.1 Experimental diets……………………………………………………………………………..24 3.5.2 Design and Management of experimental birds……………………………………. 24 3.5.3 Carcass evaluation……………………………………….. …………………………………..27
3.6 Experiment 3: Evaluation of the effects of Garlic, Moringa and antibiotics on the growth Performance of broiler chicks (0-4 weeks)………………………………………..27
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3.6.1 Experimental diets………………………………………………………………………………27 3.6.2 Design and Management of experimental birds………………………………………28 3.7 Experiment 4: Evaluation of the effects of garlic meal, Moringa and antibiotics on the growth Performance of Broiler chickens (Finisher phase)……………… 30 3.7.1 Experimental diets…………………………………………………………………………….. 30 3.7.2 Design and Management of experimental birds………………………………………30 3.7.3 Blood collection and analysis……………………………………………………………….30 3.7.4 Carcass evaluation………………………………………………………………………………32 3.8 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………32 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1. Performance of Broiler Chicks (0-4 weeks) Experiment 1………………………..33 4.2. Performance Broiler Chickens (5-9 weeks) Experiment 2 ………………………..33 4.3 Carcass Characteristics …………………………………………………………………………37 4.4 Hematological study……………………………………………………………………………..37 4.5. Performance of Broiler Chicks (0-4 weeks) Experiment 3…………………………37 4.6 Performance of Broiler Chickens (5-9 weeks) Experiment 4………………………41 4.7 Hematological study………………………………………………………………………………41 4.8 Carcass evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………42 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………47 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………………………………………..52
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Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………………………..54 REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………………………56
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
There is increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in poultry feed due to the claimed negative effects on human health arising from antibiotic resistance (Javandel et al., 2008). In the United States, poultry producers are faced with a national regulation that prohibits the use of antibiotics (USDA, 2005). This has left poultry producers looking for alternatives to antibiotics that are relatively cheaper and with minimal residual effect. Use of antibiotic that might result in deposition of residues in meat, milk and eggs must not be permitted in food intended for human consumption. If use of antibiotics is necessary as in prevention and treatment of animal diseases, a withholding period must be observed until the residues are negligible or no longer detected. The use of antibiotics to bring about improved performance in growth and feed efficiency, to synchronize or control the reproductive cycle and breeding performance also often lead to harmful residual effect. Antibiotic residuce in food of animal origin occurs in two ways; one which produces potential threat to direct toxicity in human, second is whether the low levels of antibiotic exposure would result in alteration of microflora, cause disease and the possible development of resistant strains which cause failure of antibiotic therapy in clinical situations. Antibiotics have saved many lives over the past 45 years. We are truely fortunate to have them available for serious bacterial infections. Unfortunately, antibiotics are excessively prescribed, especially to children. The
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Center for Disease Control estimates that of the 235 million doses of antibiotics given each year, between 20 and 50 percent are unnecessary. Tragically, this overuse of antibiotics can cause devastating health consequences to children.
There is a variety of potentially useful feed additives that could be added to poultry feed to improve production or to reduce the spread of disease. One of such alternative feed additive is Garlic (Allium sativum).
Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely distributed and used in all parts of the world as a spice and herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases, ranging from microbial pharmacologic infections to respiratory diseases. Garlic is thought to have various properties. Horton and Prasad (1991) reported that garlic as a feed additive, improved broiler growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and decreased mortality rate. Similarly, Demir et al., (2003) reported that garlic may be used as an alternative antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production. Javandel et al., (2008) also reported that the use of natural feed additives like garlic has made it possible for one to avoid the harmful effects of synthetic antibiotics.
The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory activities of garlic have been extensively studied (Wills, 1956; Amonkar and Banerji, 1971; Barone and Tansey, 1977; Moore and Atkins, 1977, Sato and Terao 1993; Rees et
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al., 1993; Sato et al., 1990; Wagar et al., (1994).The active inhibitory agent of garlic is allicin or dially thiosulphiniz Acid (Saleem and Al-Delaimy, (1982). Allicin is enzymatically produced from their precursor when the garlic bulbs are crushed.
Garlic is widely used as human food because it gives a repulsive odour and the taste is pungent. Since monogastric animals are able to incorporate dietary components directly in their tissues (Scaife et al., 1994; Onibi et al., 2000), supplementary garlic for broilers could mediate in getting the bioactive compounds in garlic, through broiler meat into the human food chain, while avoiding the resentment due to its direct consumption.However, there is dearth of convincing studies on quantity and form of supplementary garlic in broiler nutrition. It was against these background that this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed supplementation with sun dried garlic powder on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, garlic aroma, palatability and oxidative stability of meat of broiler chickens.
This study was therefore designed to determine the growth promoting effect of garlic in broiler chickens.
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1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The main objectives of this study are;
i. To evaluate the effects of garlic as a growth promoter on the growth performance of broiler chickens.
ii. Determine the effect of garlic supplementation on the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens.
iii. To examine the effect of garlic on intestinal microbial levels and haematological parameters of broiler chickens.
iv. The effectiveness of garlic as a growth promoter compared to synthetic antibiotics and other plant based growth promoters.
v. To determine the cost analysis of garlic supplementation in broiler production.
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