ABSTRACT
Eighty day-old broiler chicks were used for feeding trial carried out to determine
the effect of graded levels of Rice Milling Waste (RMW) and Bioactive Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisae) which has been shown to secrete enzymes that help to
digest crude fiber and organic matter. This suggest that supplementing broiler
ration with bioactive yeast may improve the digestibility and efficiency of
utilization of RMW. The 80 broiler chicks used in this study were randomly
distributed in five groups of sixteen birds each. Each group was subdivided into
four replicates of 8 birds each. Group 1 was placed on experimental diet made of
1.5 g/kg yeast basal feed and no RMW, Group 2 was fed on a diet of 1.5 g/kg
bioactive yeast, basal feed and 10% RMW, Group 3 and 4 were fed feed containing
1.5 g/kg bioactive yeast, 15 and 20 % RMW respectively while group 5, the control
had no RMW and bioactive yeast. Feed and water were given to the birds ad
libitum. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were determined. Data were
collected on nutrient intake, growth performance, feed intake, growth rate, weight
gain, feed conversion ratio, apparent nutrient retention, cost benefit analysis and
carcass weight. Bioactive yeast supplementation resulted in a significant (P<0.05)
reduction in feed intake and cost. The results showed that up to 20% RMW with
bioactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) supplementation are adequate for
oprimum growth of broiler birds. However, more research work should be done to
determine the usage of bioactive yeast in commercial broiler feed production.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page … … … … …
Title Page … … … … …
Certification … … … … …
Dedication … … … … …
Acknowledgement… … … … …
Table of contents … … … … …
Abstract … … … … …
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction … … … … …
1.1 Background of the study … … … …
1.2 Statement of problem … … … …
1.3 Aims and objectives of research … … …
1.4 Justification of the research … … …
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review … … … …
2.1 Nutrient requirement of broilers … … …
2.11 Energy requirement of broilers … … …
2.12 Protein requirement of broilers … … …
2.13 Vitamin requirement of broilers … … …
2.14 Mineral requirement of broilers … … …
2.15 Water requirement of broilers … … …
2.2 Effect of fiber in the diet … … …
2.3 Yeast … … …
2.4 Digestive enzymes contained in yeast … … …
2.5 Rice milling waste (RMW) … … …
2.6 Components of RMW … … …
2.7 Conventional and non-conventional feed ingredients … …
2.8 Growth performance data … … …
2.9 Measurement of growth … … …
2.10 daily feed intake … … …
2.11 Weight gain … … …
2.12 Feed efficiency … … …
2.13 Feed conversion ratio … … …
2.14 Factors affecting growth rate of broilers.. … …
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods … … …
3.1 Location … … … …
3.2 Materials … … … …
3.3 Experimental diets … … … …
3.4 Management of experimental birds … … …
3.5 Data collection and evaluation … … …
3.6 Experimental design … … … …
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results … … … …
4.1 Weight gain … … … …
4.2 Feed intake and feed conversion ration … … …
4.3 Cost implication of feeding varying dietary levels of rice milling waste and
supplementary yeast … … … …
4.4 Haematological parameters.. … … …
EXPERIMENT 2
4.5 Weight gain … … … …
4.6 Feed intake and feed conversion ratio … … …
4.7 Cost implication of feeding varying dietary levels of rice milling waste and
supplementary yeast … … … …
4.8 Haematological parameters … … … …
4.9 Carcass analysis … … … …
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Effect of graded levels of rice milling waste and supplementary yeast on
growth performance of broiler birds … … …
5.2 Cost implication of feeding dietary rice milling waste and supplementary
yeast … … … …
5.3 Effect of graded levels of rice milling waste and supplementary yeast on the
haematological parameters of broiler birds … … …
5.4 Effect of graded levels of rice milling waste and supplementary yeast on
carcass performance of broiler birds … … …
5.5 Summary and conclusion … … …
REFERNCES … … … …
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information
It is a fact that humans have been in constant competition with livestock over
certain feed ingredients such as wheat, sorghum, soyabeans, maize, groundnuts, etc
that are beneficial to both of them. As a result of this competing demand, which
has grown over the years due to the constant increase in both human and livestock
population, the resultant effect is high cost of feed (Otokumefor and Olomu, 2000).
Also, the increasing competition between man and animals for available
grains (Tegbeet al., 1984; Madubuike, 1998); the inadequate production of farm
crops to meet the needs of man and his livestock (Esonuet al., 2001) and the
modern intensive farming practices have resulted in soils with deficiencies that are
reflected in the low nutritional content of grains grown on these soils, and in the
health of animals raised and maintained on these crops (Barnejee, 2009).
Poultry production is a very important integral part of the agricultural sector
of developing countries. Musangi (1992) stated that supply of poultry products in
poorer countries could be rapidly expanded to meet the need for animal protein that
is in short supply resulting in sub-optimal consumption of animal protein by over
60% of the Nigerian populace. The present daily protein allowance for have
decreased from 14 grams to 5.5 grams of protein per head per day (FAO/WHO,
2005). This has been challenging to livestock farmers, researchers and also policy
makers.
Feed supply is the major limiting factor in poultry production in devfeloping
countries such as Nigeria (Nworgu, 2004). Feed alone accounts for 65-80% of the
total cost of production (Yeganyet al., 2002). The greatest source of dilemma in
poultry industry is the unprecedented increase in the cost of poultry feedstuff,
especially maize and soyabean (Adene, 2004). Another factor that affects the
availability and affordability of the conventional feed ingredients is their
seasonality. Most of them are grown at different seasons and are therefore scarce
and very expensive when they are off-season.
These problem have resulted in animal nutritionists resorting to the
replacement of conventional ingredients with non-conventional cheaper and
alternative energy and protein sources. Many authors (Ezieshiet al ., 2004;
Okeudoet al., 2005; Okon and Ogumodede, 2006) are in support of efficient
utilization of non-conventional products to formulate livestock feeds. However,
quantities of these products that could be utilized at a given time need to be
properly determined.
Rice milling waste (RMW) is one of the commonly available nonconventional
feed ingredients used to partially replace maize or complement whole
poultry ration but this by-product contains very high levels of fiber that does not
digest very easily and is therefore, not very good to be utilized alone by broiler
birds. Rice husk which contribute about 40% of the (RMW) contains about 38%
cellulose and 32% lignin. Paddy husk contain about 22% ash of which 95% is
silica. There is therefore the need to make this by-product more palatable and more
effective in the supply of energy since the poultry producers are left with no option
than to make use of the by-product and other related products.
Studies have shown that inclusion of 20% RMW in broiler finisher feed had
no deleterious effect on production. Hence, these researchers recommended that
RMW should be treated to make it less fibrous and more digestible.
Biotechnological options are available for enhancing the nutritive value of
agro-industrial by-products such as RMW. Biotechnological treatment to improve
the digestibility of fibrous agricultural by-products include either the direct use of
micro-organisms or microbial enzymes (Shaiful, 1992). A great deal of attention
has recently been received from nutritionists for proper utilization of nutrients and
the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in poultry production (Kabir, 2009).
Live yeast addition to animal feed has been known to improve the nutritive quality
of feed and performance of animals. The advantages of these growth promoters
include no withdrawal time, no residual effects and no microbial mutation (Gibson
and Roberfroid, 2008).
Probiotics are live cultures of useful bacteria. The organisms used are
beneficial strains of lacto bacillus and streptococcus. The reasoning behind the
useof probiotics is that increase in their number will improve digestion. Their
dominance would reduce the population of undesirable organisms like E. coliand
thus save the birds from the toxins that these undesirable organisms produce in the
digestive tract (Barnejee, 2009). The effect of bioactive yeast
(Saccaromycescerevisae) on performance of broilers fed RMW based diets raised
to slaughter weighjt will be investigated in this study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Conventional feed ingredients (maize and soybean) are expensive and
contribute to the high cost of poultry feeds. The need to reduce feed cost has
spurred research into the use of non-conventional and cheap source of nutrients in
poultry feeding. Non-conventional feed ingredients such as rice milling waste
(RMW) has a high crude fiber contenet which reduces poultry feed intake,
decrease digestibility and effective utilizatuin of feed. Broiler diet should contain a
maximum of 4% crude fiber but with 33,18% RMW inclusion, the crude fiber
content become higher than recommened.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The objective of this study was to determine the response of broiler birds to diets
containing graded levels of rice milling waste (RMW) and supplementary yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisae).
The specific objectives of the study were:
1. to determine the most appropriate level of inclusion of bioactive yeast in
broiler diet.
2. To determine the cost implication of using bioactive yeast supplementataion
in RMW based broiler diet
3. To determine the effect of RMW and supplementary bioactive yeast on
carcass and organ characteristics of broiler birds
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
Feed cost accounts for as much as 80% of the cost of poultry production
(Omejeet al., 1999; Agbede and Aletor, 2003; Kamalu, 2004) and is seen as a
bottleneck in poultry production.
The inclusion of bioactive yeast in the diet of poultry has led to an improved
growth and performance of poultry birds. The use of non-conventional feed
materials in formulating poultry feed will ensure that feed millers as well as
poultry farmers are kept in business by reducing the cost of feed. The use of these
by-products in the formulation of poultry diets has equally helped in the utilization
of the industrial wastes which often constitute nuisance and environmental hazards.
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