ABSTRACT
This work is motivated by the need to address the issues of under-utilization and over-allocation of spectrum bands caused by fixed spectrum allocation (FSA) scheme. In order to address this issue, a dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) scheme was employed using telecommunication systems such as Global Communication System for Mobile (GSM) radar systems and Global Positioning System etc. This paper addresses global models and dynamic spectrum allocation scheme for telecommunication systems. The policies, strategies, spectrum right and models of the next generation (XG) systems are touched. The operation of how the radio access technique is mapped onto the World Geodetic System (WGS) datum being employed by Global Positioning System (GPS) was presented. Then, it presents a Spectrum allocation model (SAM), which was simulated with Mat lab’s Simulink and workspace environment. The SAM model consists of a ‘transmit and drop’ switch, two buffers and servers which forms the dual-leaky buckets, and an output switch. Analysis was carried out on the of quality of service (QoS) such as the variation of throughput, delay, utilization, queue length and drops of the access protocol with increase in user terminals (UTs, i.e. mobile stations) and buffer capacity for different values of mean arrival time (a reciprocal of bandwidth) and service rate of a given spectrum and allocation model (SAM). It was observed that the queue delay increases from 0.7 seconds to 8.99 seconds when the number of stations is increased from 200 to 1800. The throughput increases from 2820 packets to 14400 when the number source is increased from 20 to 100. The Queue drop 7100 packets when the buffer capacity is 2000 and it decreases to 300 when the buffer capacity 18000.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..i
Approval Page ……………………………………………………………………………..ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………v
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………vi
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….ix
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Backgound of the Study……………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Problem………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Aim and Objective…………………………………………………………………….3
1.4 Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………..3
1.5 Purpose of Study………………………………………………………………………4
1.6 Thesis outline………………………………………………………………………….4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….5
2.2 Trends of frequency allocation: Historical basis for license assignment………….5
2.3 Evolution of Nigerian Telecommunications and Nigerian
Telecommunication Policy ……………………………………………………..…7
2.4 Telecommunications Standards and Technologies………………………………..9
2.5 Next Generation (XG) Systems Policy…………………………………………..10
2.6 Policy Architecture Components…………………………………………………13
2.7 Spectrum Sharing Models……………………………………………………………14
2.7.1 Public Commons……………………………………………………15
2.7.2 Private Commons……………………………………………………15
2.7.3 Exclusive Transmits Rights and Coordinated Access………………15
2.8 Related Works………………………………………………………………………..16
2.9 Formula for Allocating Spectrum in Countries………………………………………22
2.6.1 Charges for 2G and 3G Mobile Service in Lesotho………………..22
2.6.2 Spectrum charging formula 2G Mobile service in Egypt………….24
2.6.3 Spectrum charging formula 3G Mobile service in Egypt………….23
2.6.4 Spectrum charging formula for 2G and 3G Czech Republic………24
2.6.5 Spectrum charging formula for 2G and 3G mobile
Service in Switzerland .………………………………………….24
2.6.6 Spectrum charging formula for 2G mobile service in Sri Lanka…..24
2.6.7 Spectrum charging formula for 2G and 3G mobile
service in Armeni ………………………………………………..25
2.6.8 Charges for 2G and 3G Mobile Service in India……………………25
2.6.9 Spectrum charging formula for 2G and 3G mobile service in
Nigeria……………………………………………………25
CHAPTER THREE: THE SIMULATION MODEL
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………28
3.2 System architecture of Spectrum Allocation and Management………………….29
3.4 Spectrum Allocation and Management Model……………………………………30
CHAPTER FOUR: SIMULATION
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………34
4.2 Quality of Service (QoS) of SAM modeled by MATLAB’s Simulink Package…34
CHAPTER FIVE: SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………41
5.2 Parameters for Running Simulation and Result Analyses…………..……………40
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………53
6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..53
6.3 Suggestion for Further Improvement …………………………………………….54
6.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………54
References………………………………………………………………………………..55
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………59
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The word spectrum basically refers to a collection of various types of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths and it is a limited natural resource [1], [2]. The task of authorizing the allocation and licensing of the available spectrum to different systems (allocation band) and to different service operators (licenses) is reposed onto administrative bodies throughout the world. It is a process of restructuring frequency band allocations, and allows the new systems and services to migrate towards higher frequency bands [2].
The method previously used in assigning spectrum to different radio systems was a fixed spectrum allocation (FSA) scheme. This spectrum allocation technique was used to assign spectrum blocks of fixed sizes that are separated by guard bands. This method of spectrum allocation, though controls interference between differing networks and provides adequate guard bands, leads to under-utilization of spectrum at certain times or areas [3]. Sorabh Grandhi et al [4] also buttressed the fact that historical and current spectrum regulation that relies on static spectrum in long-term lease to prevent interference has led to significant over-allocation and under-utilization of spectrum.
In order to break away from the inflexibility and inefficiency of static allocation, a new concept known as dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) was investigated by network and radio engineers, policy makers and economists [5]. In DSA, spectrum is allocated dynamically depending on the need of the service providers which in turn depends on the end users’ demand in a time and space variant manner [6].
Despite the change in technology that reduces the demand for spectrum allocation, availability of spectrum continues to be a constraint. In order to allocate spectrum amongst competing service providers, regulatory agencies use several mechanisms such as comparative hearings or beauty parades (contest), lotteries and auctions [7]. Other methods used for charging service providers for the use of radio spectrum include administrative incentive pricing, coverage, number of subscribers, recovery of operating cost of the frequency management and regulatory bodies, payment related to service provider’s revenue arising from the licensed service and use of the radio spectrum and marker indicators. A combination of policies may be appropriate in practice.
As early as 1922 it was clear that the primary problem of an unregulated radio broadcasting market was interference. As a result of interference in radio access, it was recommended in series of conferences that waves for radio telephony should be assigned in bands, according to the class of service [8]. FCC, in 1927, anticipated local uses of single channel on a single tower not multiple channel wide area land Mobile radio (LMR) as seen in communication networks today. The multiple channel towers with repeaters and transmitters in sites introduced a complicated frequency coordination process that needs to be studied in order to avoid interference. By 1979, several mobile radio networks that operate in different frequency already existed.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The allocation and management of spectrum by the Fixed Spectrum Allocation (FSA) scheme which relies on static spectrum in long-term lease to solve the problem of interference has led to poor regulation, management, optimization, under utilization and over-allocation of spectrum. It also introduces poor grade of service in the network that leads to monopolization of spectrum by voracious network providers [2, 3, 28].
The method of spectrum allocation and management by the telecommunications sector in Nigeria revealed that certain prescriptions contained in the policy are outdated and overtaken by events. Thus, the Nigerian policy requires revitalization and further modification. To be part of the current trend of globalization and convergence in telecommunications industry, in line with NTP policy and NCC regulation, Nigeria needs a supplementary practical telecommunication policy and a dynamic spectrum allocation method that recognizes national and international best practices. This necessitates search for the state-of-the-art (that is the most advanced level of knowledge and technology currently achieved in any field at any given time) policies for allocating frequency spectrum, organizational standards, spectrum auctioning and allocation models and spectrum management technique that is in the frontier of technology.
This research seeks to find out the best way to allocate and manage spectrum in telecommunications in Nigeria after looking at the different standards and practices in other countries. A mathematical model will be developed to simulate the quality of service (QoS) of the traffic pattern and traffic flow generated by some given sources as indication of how appropriate (compatible with international standards and best practices) is Spectrum Allocation and Management (SAM) in Nigeria.
1.3 Aim and Objective
The aim of this work is to present a gloabal model of spectrum allocation and management. The specific objectives are:
- To present the system architecture of the spectrum allocation and management
- To convert the architecture to a model using matix laboratory (MATLAB) simevent work space environments.
- To simulate the SAM model and carry out a performance evaluation and analysis of the results obtained from and give suggestion for further study.
The major objective of this research is to present a quality of service QoS Global Spectrum Allocation and Management (SAM) model to Nigeria Communications Commission and Digital Bridge Institute laboratory and experiment using a simulation package, the performance metrics that address the difficulty of dynamically allocating spectrum to end users.
1.4 Significance of the Research
This study is justified by the evidence of the degradation of the spectrum n the Internet and GSM networks. The Global Spectrum Allocation model (SAM) is a potential alternative for radio resource allocation. Their merits include improve queue delay, throughput, packet drops as well as reduction in queue length in the SAM node.
1.5 Purpose of Study
The purpose of this work is to present:
- a dynamic spectrum allocation method that can assist NCC to revitalizing antiquated policy and management scheme
- state-of the-art models that can solve the problem of spectrum under-utilization in Nigerian telecommunications facilities
1.6 Thesis outline
The rest of this dissertation is organized as follows: In Chapter Two, literature review on next generation systems policy, policy architecture components and auction spectrum sharing models. Related works and spectrum allocation formulae of different countries including Nigeria are also treated. In chapter Three, the architecture and models of spectrum allocation and management were presented. Chapter four presents the Simulation and result of the WLAN protocol. Chapter Five presents simulation analyses and results. In Chapter six, conclusions were drawn and recommendations made.
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