Assessment of Knowledge and Practice of Menstrual Health and Hygiene Among Adolescent School Girls in Ede
Abstract
This study employed a quantitative survey research design to investigate the knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was meticulously designed and administered to a sample of 120 respondents, encompassing various age groups, genders, and academic levels. The survey aimed to assess the extent of knowledge, prevailing practices, and the influence of socio-cultural factors on menstrual health in the target population. The data collected were presented and analyzed using SPSS27, a statistical software tool. The analysis included the use of one-sample t-tests to examine the associations between educational levels, availability of menstrual hygiene facilities, cultural beliefs, and knowledge and practices of menstrual health. The assumed mean of 0 and a critical table value of 2.92 at a 5% level of significance were employed in the tests. The findings revealed significant associations between educational levels and knowledge of menstrual health, indicating that varying educational backgrounds influenced the level of awareness among adolescent girls. Additionally, a positive correlation was established between the availability of menstrual hygiene facilities and proper practices, emphasizing the importance of accessible facilities in promoting good menstrual hygiene habits. Moreover, cultural beliefs were identified as a significant factor impacting both knowledge and practices, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive interventions. In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of menstrual health among adolescent school girls in Ede by providing
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Menstrual health and hygiene are pivotal aspects of the well-being and development of adolescent school girls in Nigeria, and Ede, like many other communities, faces challenges in addressing the knowledge and practice of menstrual health and hygiene among its young girls (Aluko et al., 2022; Oche et al., 2022). In Nigeria, menstruation is often surrounded by cultural taboos, making it a challenging topic for open discussion and proper education (Adhikari et al., 2021). The lack of awareness and cultural misconceptions surrounding menstruation can have adverse effects on the health and self-esteem of adolescent girls (Garba et al., 2018). Therefore, assessing the knowledge and practice of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede is not only a local concern but also a broader societal issue with implications for the well-being of the future generation in Nigeria (Abioye-Kuteyi, 2021).
Research conducted by Adika et al. (2021) in Bayelsa State emphasizes the importance of understanding the perceptions and behaviors related to the use of sanitary pads during menstruation among adolescent school girls in Nigeria. Similarly, Onyegegbu (2022) highlights the significance of studying menstruation and menstrual hygiene practices among women and young females in rural Eastern Nigeria. These studies provide insights into the challenges faced by adolescent girls in different regions of Nigeria, underscoring the need for context-specific interventions to improve menstrual health and hygiene.
Challenges related to menstrual health in Nigeria may include insufficient access to sanitary products, inadequate facilities, and limited educational resources (Oche et al., 2022; Adika et al., 2021). Adewuya et al. (2022) conducted research on premenstrual dysphoric disorder among Nigerian university students, shedding light on the mental health aspects associated with menstruation. Lawan et al.’s study (2020) in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria, emphasizes the need for comprehensive menstrual health programs that address both physical and psychological well-being.
Tegegne and Sisay’s research (2022) in Northeast Ethiopia, although not directly in Nigeria, provides valuable insights into the link between menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among female adolescent students. This aspect is particularly relevant for Nigeria, where the lack of proper facilities and awareness may contribute to absenteeism among girls during their menstruation (Nigeria Health Watch, 2022).
In conclusion, menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Nigeria, particularly in Ede, are critical for their overall well-being and development. The challenges faced in addressing this issue are deeply rooted in cultural taboos and inadequate education. To effectively address the knowledge and practice of menstrual health and hygiene, interventions in Nigeria must be context-specific, considering the diverse challenges faced by adolescent girls in different regions. Policymakers and educators can draw lessons from research conducted within the country to develop comprehensive and culturally sensitive strategies that empower young girls with the knowledge and skills necessary for a healthy and dignified transition into womanhood (Aluko et al., 2022; Tegegne & Sisay, 2022).
1.2 Statement of Problem
The research problem highlights the existing gaps and challenges in the current understanding and practices surrounding menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede, Nigeria. Despite the cultural significance of menstruation and its impact on the well-being of young girls, there is a dearth of comprehensive research addressing the specific needs and challenges faced by this demographic within the local context.
The available literature reveals a limited focus on Ede, with much of the existing research conducted in broader Nigerian or African contexts (Adika et al., 2021; Lawan et al., 2020). Consequently, there is a critical gap in localized data that can provide nuanced insights into the unique challenges faced by adolescent girls in Ede regarding menstrual health. This lack of specific information hampers the development of targeted interventions and policies that are tailored to the cultural, social, and economic dynamics of the community.
Furthermore, existing studies often concentrate on biological aspects of menstruation, neglecting the socio-cultural and psychological dimensions that significantly influence girls’ experiences (Adewuya et al., 2022; Tegegne & Sisay, 2022). Understanding the impact of cultural taboos and misconceptions on menstrual health practices is crucial for designing effective educational programs and fostering a supportive environment for adolescent girls in Ede.
Additionally, there is a scarcity of research exploring the accessibility and affordability of menstrual hygiene products in Ede. Limited access to sanitary products can lead to unhygienic practices, potentially impacting the health and well-being of young girls (Wateraid, 2019; Aluko et al., 2022). A comprehensive investigation into the availability, affordability, and utilization of menstrual hygiene products is essential for identifying barriers and proposing sustainable solutions.
In essence, the statement of the problem underscores the urgent need for localized research that delves into the specific challenges faced by adolescent school girls in Ede, Nigeria, regarding menstrual health and hygiene. Addressing these gaps will not only contribute to the academic knowledge base but will also inform targeted interventions and policies aimed at promoting the well-being and empowerment of young girls in the community.
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to achieve three specific objectives:
- To assess the level of knowledge regarding menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- To examine the current practices related to menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- To identify the factors influencing knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
Research Questions
To guide the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the extent of knowledge among adolescent school girls in Ede regarding menstrual health and hygiene?
- What are the prevailing practices related to menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede?
- What factors influence the knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede?
Research Hypotheses
To add a statistical dimension to the study, the following hypotheses were formulated:
Null Hypotheses(H0):
- There is no significant association between educational level and knowledge of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- The availability of menstrual hygiene facilities is not positively correlated with proper practices among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- Cultural beliefs does not significantly impact the knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
Alternative Hypotheses(H0):
- There is a significant association between educational level and knowledge of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- The availability of menstrual hygiene facilities is positively correlated with proper practices among adolescent school girls in Ede.
- Cultural beliefs significantly impact the knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede.
Significance of the Study
Exploring the landscape of knowledge and practices surrounding menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent school girls in Ede holds immense significance for a diverse range of stakeholders. This study stands as a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and healthcare professionals, providing crucial insights that can shape targeted interventions and educational programs. Addressing existing gaps in knowledge and practices not only promises to improve the immediate well-being of adolescent girls but also holds the potential to contribute to a more empowered and informed community.
Educators, being key influencers in the lives of adolescent girls, benefit significantly from a nuanced understanding of their students’ knowledge and practices related to menstrual health. The findings from this study can equip educators with the necessary tools to implement targeted interventions within the school environment, fostering an atmosphere that supports the well-being and confidence of adolescent girls.
For policymakers, insights into the knowledge and practices of menstrual health and hygiene serve as a foundation for crafting evidence-based policies that cater to the specific needs of the adolescent population in Ede. A comprehensive understanding of these factors enables the formulation of policies that bridge existing gaps and contribute to broader societal goals of development and gender equality.
Healthcare professionals, too, stand to gain valuable insights from this study, obtaining a deeper understanding of the unique challenges faced by adolescent girls in Ede. Armed with this knowledge, healthcare providers can tailor their services to meet the specific health needs of this demographic, ensuring that healthcare initiatives are not only accessible but also culturally sensitive and effective.
In essence, unraveling the intricacies of menstrual health and hygiene knowledge and practices among adolescent school girls in Ede has far-reaching implications. It serves as a catalyst for positive change, offering valuable insights that can guide stakeholders in their respective roles, ultimately contributing to the holistic well-being and empowerment of the community.
Scope of the Study
This study focused on adolescent school girls in Ede, encompassing public and private schools. The research considered factors such as educational background, socio-economic status, and cultural influences on menstrual health and hygiene knowledge and practices. The data collection and analysis were confined to a specific timeframe, ensuring the relevance and accuracy of the findings.
Operational Definition of Terms
To maintain clarity and consistency in the study, the following terms were operationally defined:
Menstrual Health and Hygiene: Refers to the overall knowledge and practices related to menstruation, including hygiene practices during menstruation, awareness of menstrual health, and access to menstrual hygiene products.
Adolescent School Girls: Encompasses female students within the age range of 10 to 19 years, attending both public and private schools in Ede.
Knowledge: The understanding and awareness of facts, information, and practices related to menstrual health and hygiene.
Practices: The behavioral aspects related to menstrual health, including hygiene practices, use of sanitary products, and cultural customs during menstruation.
Educational Level: Refers to the grade or class level of the adolescent school girls, indicating their stage of formal education.
Socio-economic Status: Represents the economic and social standing of the families of the adolescent school girls, encompassing income, occupation, and educational attainment.
Cultural Beliefs: Encompasses traditional customs, beliefs, and taboos associated with menstruation within the cultural context of Ede.
Public and Private Schools: Includes government-owned (public) and privately-owned (private) educational institutions within the geographical boundaries of Ede.
REFERENCES
Wall, L. L., Belay, S., Bayray, A., Salih, S., & Gabrehiwot, M. (2022). A community-based study of menstrual beliefs in Tigray, Ethiopia. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 135(3), 310–3.
- Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council and Government of India. (2021). WASH and Health for Menstrual Hygiene Management: Training of Trainers Manual v1.0. Tech. Rep., Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council, London, UK. [Online]. Available: https://www.wsscc.org/wp-content/uploads/…/ToT-manual-Jul15-update-EN-web.pdf%0A%0A.
- Wateraid. (2019). Is menstrual hygiene and management an issue for adolescent girls (Vol. 1). Water Aid in South Asia Publication. [Online]. Available: http://menstrualhygieneday.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Wateraid_menstrual-hygiene-school-adolesencegirls-Nepal_2009.pdf.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Child and Adolescent Health and Development. The 2020 Revision – Extended Dataset (United Nations publication, Sales No. 11.XIII.7).
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Designs and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
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