CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

 

Desirable changes in learners occur through good teaching. Good teaching  and  learning take place when the teachers are able to convey their messages in the simplest, most convincing and practical ways to the earner using concrete objects. These concrete objects, according to Umoh-mac and Nkume (2006), are the instructional  materials  or  teaching aids the teachers use in his teaching. The instructional materials enhance real and meaningful teaching and learning. Instructional materials can serve as a communication media  that  transmit information from the teacher to the learner with the intent of facilitating learning. Olaitan (2002) defined instructional material as all the practical and skill development  resources that would facilitate the process  of teaching and  learning.  Instructional materials  are those devices that must be there for the teacher to us while teaching to make the lesson  more meaningful, these include: textbooks, comfortable seats and well-ventilated  classroom  are materials needed in educational teaching and learning.

Instructional materials are needed for the implementation of any educational program. They are inevitable because of the impact they make on teaching and learning process. There is no doubting the fact that the essence of all techniques in teaching is to expose the learner to the subjects matter. Unless adequate activities and materials are effectively employed, there is hardly a way the learner could be in contact with the subject matter. The use of instructional materials is recommended at any stage of the child’s developments and level of education. Uzoegwu (2001) opined that teachers are to employ instructional materials in their teaching in order to make sure that learning is more permanent in the mind of the learners. Instructional materials, the author further stated, provide the learners with meaningful, accurate and real experiences from the subject taught using instructional materials.

Instructional materials are aids teacher brings to class to help the teacher impact the lesson with ease. These include: charts, pictures, real objects. They are representatives of the fact the teacher intends to impact to the students. They are the teacher’s companion in the process of teaching. In agreement to this, Oyedele (2008) opined that teaching would be less meaningful without the use of teaching facilities and he went further to say that students will grope in the dark for a long time before getting a grasp of what to teach without instructional materials. Similarly, Chika (2001) agreed to the fact that teaching  facilities  apart  from  lending themselves to practical learning are equally essential for actual occupational/job performance for self-reliance. It is indeed very necessary that the teachers especially the business teachers use instructional materials so that students can have the opportunity  of seeing, touching and manipulating them. This would ultimately increase the students’ interest and achievement in the subject matter. Agreeing with this state, Aliyu (2001) postulated that business studies being a vocational education programme cannot do  without  adequate use  of instructional materials like typewriting machines, dictation machines and tape recorders among others. Therefore instruction materials are any materials use by teacher to teach  business studies subject easily with clear understanding, contract and concrete example to aids teaching and learning of business studies subject. In the light of the above, this study focused on assessment of utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of Business studies Subject in Secondary School in Rivers state.

 

Statement of the Problem

 

The present states of instructional materials are nothing to write home about, some of these instructional materials are obsolete that is not matching with the current development, the little ones available are not utilized because some materials lose their component to make it functional. The teachers having attended different  schools  and  colleges so they posses different experiences and knowledge,  so  invariably  have  direct effect on the utilization of the materials in teaching and learning of  business  education  subjects in secondary schools this is projected to student in Rivers state.

According to Obi (2008) observed that many schools are unable to teach business studies subject due to inadequate business studies teachers and equipment. The poor performance of students in business studies subject as lamented by Odoh (2001) that their deterioration in students’ achievement must have been due to the non- utilization of instructional materials in classroom, therefore it become necessary the  assessment  of utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of business studies subject in secondary schools in Rivers state.

Purpose of the Study

 

The major purpose of this study is to assess the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject in secondary schools in Rivers state. Specifically, the study seeks to assess the:

1. Extent of availability of instructional materials utilization in teaching and learning of business studies subject.
2. Extent of teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject.
3. Challenges to teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject.
4. Strategies for enhancing teacher utilization of the instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject.

Research Questions

 

The following research questions will guide the study:

 

1. What is the assessment of the availability of instructional materials utilization in teaching and learning of business studies subject in secondary schools?
2. To what extent do teachers assess the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject in the secondary schools?
3. What is the assessment of the challenges facing teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject in the secondary schools?
4. What is the assessment of strategies for enhancing  teachers’  utilization  of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject in the secondary schools?

Hypotheses

 

The following null hypotheses formulated for the study will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

Ho₁: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment  of  male  and female Business studies teachers on extent of availability of instructional material utilization in teaching and  learning of  business  education subject  in secondary schools in Rivers state.

Ho₂: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment  of  male  and female business studies teachers on the extent of teachers’ utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject in secondary schools in Rivers state.

Ho₃: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment  of  male  and female business studies teachers on the challenges facing teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business studies subject  in secondary schools in Rivers state.

Ho₄: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment  of  male  and female business studies teachers on the strategies  for  enhancing  teachers  utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business  education  subject  in Rivers state.

Significance of the Study

 

The outcome of this study would be beneficial to the government in planning and decision making. It would help in policy formulation, implementation, evaluation and reformation. The findings of study will reveal to the government the instructional materials needed for effective teaching and learning of business studies. Government would use the

outcome of this study to design an effective training package for teachers as it concerns the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of  business  subjects  in  secondary schools. The knowledge of the findings would also help government to provide adequate instructional materials for the teaching and learning of business studies subject in the schools.

Scope and limitation of the study

This study which is titled availability of teaching aids in the teaching of business studies in junior secondary schools in Ogba Egbema Ndoni local government of Rivers state. The study was focused on assessing availability and utilization of teaching aids and did not take into consideration the effects of the presence or absence of teaching aids in Junior secondary schools in the study area. This study was limited by two major constraints: time and finances.

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