ABSTRACT
Solid waste management is widely recognized as a major concern for cities in
developing countries with the potential to cause negative impacts on national
development activities like tourism and trade, food supplies, public health and
environment. This study comparatively analyzed the solid waste management
strategies of some cities in Nigeria which included: Uyo, Lagos, Maiduguri and Port
Harcourt. The quantity and rate of solid waste generation in the cities, factors
influencing the generation, solid waste types and categories, collection, disposal,
reuse and recycle. It also presented the current solid waste practices and problems in
Nigeria and also the trend of scavenging in some cities. Using the instrument of
questionnaires, interviews and personal observation, the impact of the private sector
operators on solid waste management was evaluated. Using statistical inference,
management by Public and private operators in Port Harcourt were comparatively
analyzed. This study found out that at 95% significance level, there were more
private firms involved in solid waste management and Public–Private participation in
Lagos than in Uyo and Maiduguri which boosted the frequency of waste collection
and coverage in the city. Also the rate of material recovery via scavenging in Lagos
was higher than that in Uyo and Maiduguri. The Private sector operators in Port
Harcourt were found to be more effective on frequency of waste collection than the
Public sector. The result of this study will be useful in decision /policy making and
also in the adoption of a more effective solid waste management strategy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLE vii
LIST OF FIGURE viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Concept of Social Waste Management 2
1.1.1 Objective of Social Waste Management 3
1.2 Background of Study 4
1.3 Research Problem 5
1.4 Research Objective 6
1.5 Significance of Research 6
1.6 Scope and Limitation of study 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Status of Solid Waste Management in Nigeria 12
2.2.1 Social Waste Generation 13
.i. Domestic Wastes 16
ii. Commercial and Institutional Wastes 16
iii. Industrial Wastes 17
2.2.2 Sold Waste Composition 17
vii
2.2.3 Social Waste Storage 18
2.2.4 Social Waste Collection 19
2.2.5 Social Waste Transportation 22
2.2.6 Recycling and Recovery 23
2.2.7 Scavenging 26
2.2.8 Social Waste Processing 26
2.2.9 Social Waste Disposal 27
2.2.9.1 Methods of Disposal 29
· Dumping At Sea or Barging Into the Sea 30
· Open Dump 30
· Landfill 31
· Incineration 31
· Compost 32
· Hog Feeding 32
· Pulverization 33
2.3 Social Waste and Health 33
2.3.1 Pubic Health Risk 34
2.3.2 Environmental Risk 35
2.4 Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management 35
2.4.1 Formal and Informal Private Sector Enterprises 36
2.4.1.1 Formal Private Sector Enterprise 36
2.4.1.2 The Informal Private Sector 37
2.4.2 Option for Private Sector Participation (PSP) In Municipal Solid
Waste Management 37
viii
2.4.2.1 Contracting option in Municipal Solid Waste Management 38
2.4.2.2 Franchising option in Municipal Solid Waste Management 39
2.4.2.3 Concession arrangement for Private Sector Participation in
Municipal Solid Wastes Management 40
2.4.2.4 Open Competition (Private Subscription) in Municipal
Solid Waste Management (MSWM) 41
2.5 Consideration for Public-Private Participation in MSWM 41
2.5.1 Cost Recovery 42
2.5.2. Competition 42
2.5.3 Risk 42
2.5.4 Monitoring of Performances 43
2.5.5. Waste Management Capacity Building 43
2.5.6 Workers Health and Safety 44
2.6 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management Nigeria 44
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 46
3.1 Sources of Data 46
3.2 Sampling techniques 46
3.3 Waste Hierarchy 48
3.4 Instrument of Data Collection 49
3.5 Number of Samples 50
3.6 Description of Questionnaire 51
3.7 Data Analysis 51
ix
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52
4.1 Comparison on Scavengers 52
4.1.1 Gender Distribution of Scavengers 52
4.1.2 Age Distribution 53
4.1.3 Educational Level of Scavengers 54
4.1.4 Health Status of Scavengers 55
4.1.5 Safety Gadgets 58
4.2 Components of the Physical System 60
4.2.1 Solid Waste Quantities and Composition 60
4.2.2 Solid Wastes Collection 62
4.2.3 Solid Wastes Disposal 66
4.2.4 Resource Recovery 67
4.2.4.1 Recyclable Materials and their Uses in Lagos 70
4.2.4.2 Markets for Recycled Products in Lagos 72
4.2.4.3 Markets for Recycled Products in Uyo and Maiduguri 73
4.3. Private Sector involvement 73
4.3.1 The Informal Sectors in Lagos 76
4.3.2 Public-Private Partnership for Solid Waste Management Services 79
4.3.3 Factors Affecting the Private Solid Waste Firms 80
4.4 Comparisons in Efficiency for Management Strategy in Lagos and Uyo 80
4.5.0 Solid Waste Management by Public and Private Sectors in
Port Harcourt 83
x
4.5.1 Personnel Cost of MSWM in Port Harcourt Metropolis 83
4.5.2 Comparison in Efficiency for Both the Public (RSESA) and
Private Sector (PSP) 90
4.5.3 Comparison in the number of employment provided by the
Public sector waste management system and the
private sector wastes management system using z-test 92
4.5.4 Comparison in wastes management operating cost between the
public sector and private sector wastes management systems 95
4.5.5 Comparison of the service coverage by both the public and private
sector system of solid wastes management 96
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 99
5.1 Conclusion 99
5.2 Recommendation 100
References 101
Appendices 110
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Traditional waste management practices both within and outside Lagos,
Uyo, Port Harcourt and Maiduguri have evolved from the need to maintain public
health. In recent times, this concept has been expanded to include the need to
maintain the health of the natural environment as well as in the recognition of the
intricate relationship between the health of the natural environment and the longterm
health and well-being of people. Solid waste is any solid material which is
discarded by its owner, user or producer. Solid waste is leftover arising from
human, animal or plant activities, that is normally discarded as useless and not
having any consumer value to the person abandoning it. The fact that it does not
have either economic or social value to the person discarding it does not mean that
it cannot be valuable to any other person. Solid waste, at times, is like the
cornerstones of the builders. “One man’s meat is another man’s poison”. Apart
from the fact that proper waste management is a political tool as it is one of the
features of a good public policy, it is a necessity for good health. Improperly
stored or managed wastes can harbour pathogens, bear pests such as rats, flies and
mosquitoes which can endanger public health. Waste can reduce the usable land
area of the society. It can cause obstruction on motor able roads and can become
nuisance and social problems in residential areas. It has negative impact on the
values of properties surrounding it and improperly managed wastes can cause acid
2
rain. It can also percolate into the aquifers or the water table, causing water
poisoning and endangering the eco-system. Furthermore, it is also recognized that
one of the three pillars of acquiring sustainable development at the national level
is the environment – more specifically a healthy environment.
Cities in Nigeria, being among the fast growing cities in the world
(Onibokan and Kumuyi, 1996), are faced with the problem of solid waste
generation. The implication is serious when a country growing rapidly imports
more of non-biodegradable goods and the waste are not efficiently managed.
Waste generation scenarios in these cities have been of great concern both globally
and locally. And of the different categories of waste being generated, solid waste
has posed a hydra-headed problem beyond the scope of various solid waste
management systems in Nigeria (Geoffrey, 2005), as the street experience
continual presence of solid waste from commercial activities.
According to the UNEP–IETC (1996), the higher the level of economic
development of an area, the greater the proportion of non biodegradable materials
in its waste composition.
1.1 Concept of Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. The
term solid waste refer to low liquid content waste materials, which include
municipal garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage sludge, waste from
agricultural and animal husbandry, demolition wastes and mining residues (UNEP
3
– IETC, 1996). Solid waste management is the precise name for the collection,
transportation, disposal or recycling and monitoring of waste. This term is
assigned to the waste materials produced through human activity. These waste
materials are managed to avoid their adverse effect on human health and the
environment. Most of the time, waste is managed to get resources from it. The
waste to be managed includes all forms of matter i.e. gaseous, liquid, solid and
radioactive matter.
Daily life in industrialized cities can generate several pounds of solid waste
per consumer, not only directly in the home, but indirectly in factories that
manufacture goods purchased by consumers. Solid waste management is a system
for handling all of this garbage. Early solid waste management style consisted of
digging pits and throwing garbage into them. When cities began to be more
concentrated, however, solid waste management became a serious issue. In
response, many cities started to set up municipal garbage collection in the form of
rag and bone men who would buy useful garbage from people and recycle it, or
waste collection teams which would dispose of unusable garbage. Solid waste
management also is focused on developing environmentally sound methods of
handling waste; for example, solid waste is no longer dumped into oceans or
unlined pits.
1.1.1 Objectives of Solid Waste Management
i. The primary objective of effective solid waste management is the
elimination of health hazards in the community by removing all the
4
physical, biological and chemical agents e.g. bottles, vectors of diseases
and toxic substances that are harmful to man in his environment.
ii. To protect the natural environment from being polluted or degraded.
This is achieved by discouragement of waste being dumped
indiscriminately on land, rivers or air.
iii. To provide gainful employment for many young men who would have
been jobless.
iv. Enhancement of regular supply of raw materials to industries through
scavenging and recycling of materials of economic value from wastes.
1.2 Background of Study
In many Nigerian cities, there has been a phenomenal increase in the
volume and range of wastes generated daily within the past few years (Ogwueleka
2009). This is due largely to the increasing rates of population growth,
urbanisation, industrialisation and general economic activities. In these cities, the
habit of dumping and disposing waste indiscriminately has become the order of
the day and a common practice among dwellers (Solomon 2009). According to
Srinivas (2002), one of the most pressing problems facing major urban areas in
developing countries at present is disposing of huge quantities of solid wastes,
which accumulate in their cities as a by-product of modernization.
Unfortunately, all aspects of man’s productive activities virtually involve
wastes generation (Scott, 1953).The control of solid waste generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal activities are based on
5
engineering principles at minimum environmental impacts and cost ( Agunwamba,
2001 ). There are a number of types of solid waste which need to be dealt with.
The first is recyclable waste, objects which are useful, but no longer wanted. Solid
waste management includes the construction of facilities to recycle these goods,
which include scrap metal, glass, cans, paper, plastics, wood, and similar
materials. Another category is toxic waste; waste which could potentially
contaminate the environment, meaning that it needs to be handled with care. This
category includes electronic waste, a growing problem in many industrialized
nation. Next is green waste such as compost and yard clippings. People with land
can compost their own green waste, and many cities collect it separately from true
garbage, the final category, so that the green waste can be composted and returned
to the earth.
1.3 Research Problem
The collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of solid waste in
Lagos, Uyo, Port Harcourt, and Maiduguri have posed a lot of challenges to the
cities councils and state government: the rising solid waste generation rate,
deteriorating management infrastructure, inadequate waste vehicles/equipment,
lack of technical knowhow of waste officers, non-existence Waste Information
System (WIS) and database low service coverage. Ineffective public education and
awareness program, competing demand for funding of other urban infrastructure,
non-existence of treatment and disposal facilities, low enforcement, monitoring
and compliance of waste- related regulations have aggravated the problem of solid
6
waste management in these cities. These have resulted in irregular collection and
uncontrolled dumping of waste, blocking of drains, spillage and littering, dumping
of waste in rivers, creeks, swamps. Even in the presence of all these problems,
some cities are cleaner than the others. Therefore, it is necessary to study,
analyzed and suggests the best strategy for an effective solid waste management.
1.4 Research Objectives
The paramount objectives of this research are;
a) To study and compare solid waste management strategies used in these
cities: Uyo, Maiduguri, Lagos and Port Harcourt.
b) To ascertain the contributions of scavengers in solid waste management
c) To examine the efficiency of existing public Solid waste management and
disposal system.
d) To determine the impact of private sector participation on solid waste
management.
e) To compare the effectiveness of solid waste management by Public sector
and Private sector operators in Port Harcourt.
1.5 Significance of Research
The finding of this research survey will help enlighten the rural and urban
communities on the impacts of environmental pollution resulting from solid waste,
the need for solid waste minimization activities such as recycling/ resource
recovery. It will establish the role of scavenging, and the merits and demerits of
municipal solid waste management by both private and public in these cities.
7
This work will be a base for further studies. It will also be a tool for decision
makers, policy makers and professionals involved in solid waste management.
1.6 Scope and Limitations of study
This study will be carried out in some cities of Nigeria, which are Lagos,
Uyo, Maiduguri and Port Harcourt. The solid waste management strategies i.e.
waste generation, storage, collection, handling, processing and disposal methods
used in these cities will be comparatively analyzed using field survey,
administration of questionnaires and interview administered to the stakeholders.
The activities of contractors and also the operations of Lagos Waste Management
Authority (LAWMA), Bornu State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA),
Rivers State Environmental Sanitation Agency (RSESA) and the contribution of
Akwa Ibom State government on Solid waste management studied. Hence the
research will cover the role played by scavengers, method of operation, and health
status in the management of solid waste. It will also deal with private-public sector
participation, impacts and challenges. The data from questionnaires will be
analyzed by statistical methods like frequency distribution, percentages, t- test, ztest
etc.
The following limitations were observed during this study:
1. Lack of cooperation from the officials of public and private waste operators
in provision of data.
2. Non existence of waste information system and database.
8
3. Reluctant attitude from the general public in accepting and filling the
questionnaire.
9
IF YOU CAN'T FIND YOUR TOPIC, CLICK HERE TO HIRE A WRITER»
