ABSTRACT
Two sets of experiments were carried out to determine the effects of the inclusion of
mango seed kernel meal (MSKM)kanbiri, processed by soaking for 72:00 hours with an
eight hourly change of water to reduce the anti-nutrients factors on the growth and laying
performances of Japanese quails with and without enzymes.Results of the laboratory
analysis obtained after processing revealed values of 90.06 %, 4.78 %, 5.58 %, 1.96 %,
5.39 % and 68.40 % in the dry matter,crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and
nitrogen free extract respectively and the following for the anti-nutrient factor contents;
phytate, cyanide, tannins and saponins values of 0.16mg/100g, 0.02mg/100g,
0.04mg/100g and 0.06mg/100g respectively.In the first field experiment, 450 unsexed
quails at one week old were placed in ten experimental set up of 3 x 3 factorial
arrangement with three replicates of fifteen birds each with one control in a completely
randomized design. Ten experimental growth diets of three levels of SMSKM inclusions
at (10.00 %, 20.00 % and 30.00 %) and three enzyme types of (no enzyme, Maxigrain
enzyme and Vegpro enzyme) with one control (no SMSKM, no enzyme) were offered to
the birds throughout the growth phase. Results indicate significant (P < 0.05) differences
for the final body weight, total feed intake and feed to gain ratio. The control had the
highest final body weight of 178.40 g and best feed to gain ratio of 4.64, indicating
preference for birds for the intake of non-conventional feed materials, due to the efficient
feed to gain ratio. With the enzyme inclusion, significant (P < 0.05) differences were
noticed in the final body weight, feed to gain ratio and total feed intake. Treatment with
both enzyme had a significantly(P < 0.05) similar least feed intakes of 495.88 g and the
worst feed to gain ratio average of 5.77compared to the control.Carcass analysis reveals
significant (P < 0.05) differences with and without enzymes in the average live weight,
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carcass weight and dressing percent. The 20.00 % level having the highest average live
weight gain of 147.17 g, carcass weight of 88.52 g and dressing percent of 61.04 %,
indicating efficiency of the MSKM at this level of 20.00 %; vegpro enzyme recorded the
highest values for the carcass (92.32 g), dressing percent (62.90 %) against the maxigrain
enzyme. The 30.00 % inclusion levels had the highest digestibility values of 67.98 % dry
matter, 78.63 % ether extract and 64.36 % ash retension.Treatment with maxigrain
enzyme had the highest values of 68.40 % dry matter, 72.27 % crude protein, 77.63 %
ether extract, 67.19 % ash and, confirming earlier reports on the efficiency of exogenous
enzymes in unconventional feed uses in monogastric animals. The 20.00 % had the least
feed cost at market weight of N102.23k after the control.In experiment two, similar
experimental design, factorial arrangement with three replicates x ten birds were set up,
the feeding and water intake regime were maintained. Results indicate 20.00 % SMSKM
in all having the overall best performance; mainly in total feed intake (1921.49 g), final
body weight (202.22 g), but a feed togain ratio of 1.02 was noticed by birds in the control
treatment.Enzyme vegpro had the best performance in the total feed intake (1877.01 g),
average age of bird at first lay (43.11 days) and hen day egg production (77.95 %),the
overall egg external quality performance of 10.00 %, 20.00 % and 30.00 % were all
significantly similar. It could be concluded that, the processing method used in this study
reduces the tannin and phytate contents far below the toxic levels for poultries, which it
tolerates up to 30.00 % without any adverse effects on the growth performance at the
growth phase, with and without enzyme supplementation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Flyleaf i
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Abstract viii
Table of contents x
List of tables xvii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Justification for the Study 4
1.2 Objectives of the study 5
1.3 Research hypothesis 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
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2.1 Japanese quails 7
2.1.1 General uses of Japanese quails 8
2.1.2 Research on Japanese quails 10
2.3 Mango Seed Kernel Meal 12
2.3.1 Effects of inclusion of soaked mango seed kernel meal on the growth c c c
c performance of birds (growth phase) 15
2.4.1 Anti-nutritional factors content of the mango seed kernel meal 17
2.4.2 Methods of reducing the anti-nutritional factors in mango seed kernel 18
2.5 Tannins 19
2.6 Saponins 22
2.7 Phytate 22
2.8 Cyanides 23
2.9 Enzymes 24
2.9.1 Benefits of using enzymes in poultry diets 26
CHAPTER THREE 30
MATERIALS AND METHODS 30
3.1 Location of the experimental site 30
3.2 Sources of the experimental materials 30
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3.2.1 Experimental animals, mango seeds and enzymes 30
3.2.2 Processing of the experimental materials 31
3.3 Laboratory analyses 31
3.3.1 Proximate analysis 31
3.3.2 Determination of hydrogen cyanide 31
3.3.3 Determination of phytate 32
3.3.4 Determination of saponins 32
3.3.5 Determination of tannins 33
3.4 Experiment one: Effects of soaked local variety (Kanbiri) of
mango seed kernel meal (SMSKM) with and without enzymes
supplementation on the growth performance of Japanese quails. 33
3.4.1 Source and management of the birds 33
3.4.2 Experimental diets 34
3.4.3 Data collection 35
3.4.4 Carcass Analysis 35
3.4.5 Digestibility Trials 36
3.5 Experiment Two: Effect of soaked local variety of mango
(Kanbiri) seed kernel meal with and without enzyme
supplementation on laying characteristics and egg quality of
Japanese quails 37
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3.5.1 Source and management of experimental birds 37
3.5.2 Determination of egg quality parameters 39
3.5.3 Statistical analysis 42
CHAPTER FOUR 43
RESULTS 43
4.1.1 Proximate composition of the raw and soaked mango seed kernel
meal 43
4.1.2 Anti-nutrient content of the raw and soaked mango seed kernel
meal 43
4.1.3 Proximate composition of the experimental diets at growth phase 43
4.1.4 Effect of soaked mango seed kernel meal levels on the growth
performance of Japanese quails 47
4.1.5 Effect of enzyme types and soaked mango seed kernel meal on
the growth performance of Japanese quails 47
4.1.6 Effects of dietary levels of soaked mango seed kernel meal on the
carcass characteristics of Japanese quails 50
4.1.7 Effect of enzyme types and soaked mango seed kernel meal on
the carcass characteristics of Japanese quails at the growth phase 51
4.1.8 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meals on nutrient
digestibility and ash retention of Japanese quails 52
4.1.9 Effects of enzymes types and processed mango seed kernel meal
on the nutrient digestibility and ash retention of Japanese quails 53
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4.1.10 Interaction effect of soaked mango seed kernel meal on the
nutrient digestibility and ash retention of Japanese quails 53
4.1.11 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal on feed cost of
Japanese quails 53
4.1.12 Effects of the feed cost of soaked mango seed kernel meal with
various enzyme types of Japanese quails 60
4.2 Experiment Two: Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with
and without enzyme supplementation on performance, laying
characteristics and egg quality parameters of Japanese quails 60
4.2.1 Proximate Composition of the experimental diet 60
4.2.2 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal levels on the growth
performance of Japanese quails at laying phase 63
4.2.3 Effects of enzyme types and soaked mango seed kernel meal on
the growth performance of Japanese quails at laying phase 65
4.2.4 Interaction effects of the feed conversion ratio of the layer phase
of Japanese quails 65
4.2.5 Effects of the soaked mango seed kernel meal levels on external
egg qualities of Japanese quails 66
4.2.6 Effects of the enzyme types and soaked mango kernel meal on
external egg qualities of Japanese quails 66
4.2.7 Interaction effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and
without enzyme supplementation on egg breath of Japanese quails 67
4.2.8 Effects of the soaked mango seed kernel meal levels on internal
egg qualities of the japanese quails 6773
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4.2.9 Effects of enzyme types and soaked mango seed kernel meal on
internal egg qualities of japanese quails 74
4.2.10 Interaction effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and
without enzyme supplementation on albumen breath of japanese
quails 75
4.2.11 Effects of feed and egg cost of soaked mango seed kernel meal
levels on the growth performance of Japanese quails at laying
phase 75
4.2.12 Effects of the feed and egg cost of soaked mango seed kernel
meal and enzyme types of Japanese quails at laying phase 78
CHAPTER FIVE 81
DISCUSSION 81
5.1 Results of the laboratory analysis 81
5.2 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme supplementation on the growth performance of Japanese
quails 84
5.3 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme supplementation on the carcass characteristics of
Japanese quails 86
5.4 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme supplementation on the nutrient digestibility and ash
retention of Japanese quails 88
5.5 Economic analysis at growth phase 89
5.6 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme on the growth performance of Japanese quails at laying
phase 89
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5.7 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme supplementation on the external egg qualities of Japanese
quails at laying phase 92
5.8 Effects of soaked mango seed kernel meal with and without
enzyme supplementation on the internal egg qualities of Japanese
quails at laying phase 93
5.9 Economic analysis at laying phase 95
CHAPTER SIX 96
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96
6.1 Summary 96
6.2 Conclusions 98
6.3 Recommendations 101
6.4 Contributions to scientific knowledge 102
REFERENCES 104
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Global consumption of poultry and its products especially meat, has consistently
increased over the years and this trend is expected to continue. Much of this increase
in global demand will be in developing countries resulting in a profound effect on the
demand for feed and its raw materials (Chinedu and Evans,2001). It had been
established that the principal item in raising poultry is the price of the feed, amounting
to about 70.00 – 80.00 % of the total production cost (Kehinde et al., 2006; Bello et
al., 2007), the livestock sub-sector contributed about 24.18 % from an initial value of
23.86 % in the fourth quarter of 2014 of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in
Nigeria, (CBN, 2016).
Poultry in particular occupies an important position in the supply of animal protein to
Nigerian‟s teeming and growing population (Chinedu and Evans, 2001).
Unfortunately, the interest in chicken farming is dwindling steadily over the years as a
result of the animal`s susceptibility to various epidemic diseases leading to records of
its high mortality, coupled with its high feed intake and demand for larger space for
production compared with other smaller birds such as quails,which have compelled
farmers to seek for an alternative source of poultry meat, prompting the recent
attention being shifted to quail farming mainly in developing countries, to enable its
populace, meet the daily safe protein intake recommendation of FAO (1997) placed at
45.00 g/ 60.00 kg body weight per individual.
Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are small birds belonging to the
phasianoidea family of the order galliforme of the class aves in the animal kingdom.
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Since they were introduced into the Nigerian Poultry Industry in 1992 (Haruna et
al.,1997), it has the potential to serve as an excellent and cheap source of animal
protein for Nigerians (Babangida and Obosi, 2006; Ani et al., 2009). They have very
short generation interval, matures early (35 days), hence can lay between 200 to 300
eggs annually (Salim and Ibrahim, 2004). Owing to its very tender, tasty and highly
acceptable meat and the uniform cholesterol in their eggs, they have become
alternative animal protein sources (Sule et al., 2015).
They are one of the classes of poultry with potential as sources of good quality animal
protein as egg and meat (Widya et al., 2014). The meat type quail rearing is a common
practice meant to bridge the gap between present demand and supply of animal
protein. The efficiency of broiler quails to convert feed into meat, play a key role in
the economics of the broiler industry (Chimote et al., 2009). They provide developing
countries with a stable source of protein and developed countries a suitable alternative
to chicken. It however finds its true economic and commercial value in its egg
production, as domesticated lines of the Japanese quails can lay up to 300 eggs a year,
at an appreciably efficient feed to egg conversion ratio (Haruna et al., 1997).
They have a short generation interval making it possible to propagate many
generations in a year with an early sexual maturity, since they start laying as early as
5-6 weeks of age., They have a fast growth rate: attaining a market weight of 150 –
180 g at 6 weeks (Anon, 1991), with a high rate of lay, quails can produce between
250 – 280 eggs per year (NRC, 1991). Requires less floor space for management,
because of their smaller body size, 8 – 10 adult quails can be reared in a space meant
for one adult chicken, average of 1square feet/bird (Anon, 1991). Farmers in Vom
3
have found it very useful in enhancing soil fertility. Estimates have shown that 6 to 8
quails can produce 35.00 kg of manure per year (Haruna et al., 1997).
It has and is still playing active role in the lives of humanity since the 12th century and
has continued to play major roles in industries and scientific research institutes. They
are easily managed, fast growing and can produce eggs at a high rate hence have been
farmed in large quantities across the globe (Hubrecht and Kirkwood, 2010). They have
enormous potentiality and could be an alternative to chicken farming particularly in
providing gainful employments, supplementary income and as a valuable source of
meat and eggs (Abu et al., 2016).
In recent years, the supply of maize (the main source of energy in poultry feeds) which
contributes the highest proportion of ingredients in poultry diet formulation (Agbede et
al., 2002) has not kept pace with demand. This may be attributed to inadequate
production due to climate changes, coupled with the stiff competition for its utilization
between man and livestock and its increased use for bio – fuel (fuels produced from
plants) production in the developed countries due to its starch contents. It had been
reported that the level of performance of livestocks in the livestock production
industry have gone down remarkably below expectation due to the high cost of
production, mainly arising from the costs of the conventional feed ingredients of
protein and energy sources (Dairu and Ogunmodede, 2004).
There is therefore the need to explore alternative and cheaper energy sources for
poultry feeding. Mango seed kernels have been found to be one of such alternative
sources of energy (Diarra et al., 2011).
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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belongs to the family Amacardiacae. It is a large green
tree that can reach 15 to 30 m tall (Teguia, 1995).The seed is a good source of soluble
carbohydrates, the protein content of the seed ranges between 7.00 – 8.75 % (Diarra et
al., 2008; Abdullahi et al., 2012) comparable to that of maize, but it has a higher fat
content (7.80 – 13.09 %) than maize (Bala, 2010).The kernel is very low in minerals.
One major constraint to the effective utilization of this mango seed kernel meal in
poultry diet is the presence of tannin (Bala, 2010) a chemical which exert antinutritional
effect on feed utilization in poultry (Teguia, 1995) and in man (Teguia and
Beynen, 2005).
Recently, so many researchers have devised different processing methods aimed at
reducing the toxic effects of this chemical for an effective utilization by both the
animals and man such as boiling (Diarra et al., 2008), soaking (Bala 2010; Abdullahi
et al., 2012), use of exogenous enzymes (Fagbemi and Oluwasola, 1998; Ka`ankuka et
al., 2012), thermal processing and radiation (Farrag, 2001), cooking (Diarra and
Usman, 2011) and the use of chemical reagents (Mueller, 2001).
1.1 Justification for the Study
Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO (1997) reported the recommended daily
consumption of animal protein to be 56.00 g/60.00 kg body weight per day per person.
However, Nigerians have not been able to meet this requirement due to the high cost
of the products, meeting only about 15.00 gm of protein intake per day (Christopher
and Diarrinitiah, 1997).
The high cost of feed still remains the greatest constraint to poultry production in the
country. The ever increasing competition between man and livestock for energy
5
concentrates as feed stuff materials (cereal gains such as maize, millet, guinea corn,
rice) prompted the search for an alternatively cheaper, easily available and toxic free
unconventional feed sources with no direct nutritional value to man, composed
mainly of non – cereal energy sources for poultry feeding (Diarra, 2014) this is
coupled with the cost, supply, hence expensive nature of maize which is the main
energy source for poultry (Diarra and Usman, 2011).
Mango seed as a by-product of mango pulp has been reported to be a good source of
starch (Diarra et al., 2008). The ease, availability and lower cost of processing the
mango seed kernel meal makes it a cheaper alternative energy source. The findings of
the present study will also contribute to the current clamour of “environmental safety”
from pollution when livestock producers and feed millers begin to utilize mango seed
kernel as a replacement for maize in feed processing. It will also reduce the hazard of
environmental pollution of mango seeds particularly during the mango season.
This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of mango seed kernel meal
(L. Kanbiri) processed by soaking with and without enzymes supplementation on the
growth and laying performance of Japanese quails.
1.2 Objectives of the study
This study was designed with the following objectives:
1. To determine the effects of soaked local variety (Kanbiri) of mango seed
kernel meal (SMSKM) without enzyme supplementation on the growth, laying
performance and egg quality characteristics of Japanese quails.
6
2. To determine the effects of SMSKM with enzyme (Maxigrains, and Vegpro)
supplementation on the growth, laying performance and egg quality
characteristics of the Japanese quails.
3. To determine the economy of production of SMSKM (kanbiri) with and
without enzyme supplementation in Japanese quail production.
1.3 Research hypothesis
Null hypothesis (HO): The inclusion of soaked mango seed kernel meal (SMSKM)
(Kanbiri) with and without enzyme supplementation, does not have any significant
effect on the growth, laying performance and egg quality characteristics of Japanese
quails.
Alternative hypothesis (HA): Soaked mango seed kernel meal SMSKM (kanbiri)
with and without enzyme supplementation have significant effects on the growth,
laying performance and egg quality characteristics of Japanese quails.
Null hypothesis (Ho): Soaked mango seed kernel meal SMSKM (kanbiri) with and
without enzyme supplementation have no significant effects on the economy of
production of Japanese quails.
Alternative hypothesis (HA): Soaked mango seed kernel meal SMSKM (kanbiri)
with and without enzyme supplementation have significant effects on the economy of
production of Japanese quails.
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