ABSTRACT
A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cotton products (WCS and CSC) on performance, carcass characteristics and organs function of Red Sokoto bucks. A total of 24 bucks weighing averagely 8.625kg were randomly assigned to six diets formulated to contain 14% Crude Protein in a complete diet. The diets contained 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels of Whole Cotton Seed (WCS) and Cotton Seed Cake (CSC) each and bucks were fed 4% of their body weights throughout the trial period of 90 days in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Growth performance, digestibility and nitrogen balance, haematology and carcass characteristics, as well as organ functions were all studied. Results obtained showed that all the evaluations differed significantly at either the main effect of cotton products, inclusion levels and the interaction. Total weight gain (TWG) differed significantly (p<0.05) in bucks fed WCS (1.125kg) and CSC (1.833kg) with CSC performing better. Also, 20% (2.00kg) inclusion of cotton products (WCS and CSC) performed better than 10% (1.125kg) and 30% (1.313kg). Similar results were obtained for the interaction effect of cotton products and inclusion levels. Bucks fed WCS and CSC did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in digestibility study although, a significant difference (p<0.05) was obtained for inclusion levels of WCS and CSC with 20% (67.346%) inclusion level performing better than 30% (59.989) and 10% (49.843%) being the least for dry matter (DM), organic matter (66.484, 58.511 and 48.044), crude protein (78.077,76.046 and 63.725%), Neutral detergent fibre (68.587, 65.264 and 57.511%) and Acid detergent fibre (76.860, 72.046 and 63.725%) respectively. Nitrogen retained as percent intake was higher in bucks fed CSC (53.026%) comparedto WCS (48.435%)treated group while 30% inclusion level of cotton products retained more nitrogen (62.47 compared to 53.24 and 36.480%) of 20 and 10% respectively which differed (p<0.05) significantly. There
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was a significant difference (p<0.05) of cotton products on total protein (6.563 and 7.431 g/day), Packed Cell Volume, PCV (26.8 and 34.333%), heamoglobin, Hg (8.840 and 11.417 g/dl), Red Blood Cell, RBC (4.473 and 5.833 *10^6/l) and neutrophil (59.6 and 77.167%) for WCS and CSC respectively with CSC having the highest values all through the measured parameters. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the inclusion levels of cotton products in the Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN, (69.330, 42.530 and 58.440μmol/dl) for 10, 20 and 30% respectively with 10% inclusion being the highest value followed by 30 and 20%. Neutrophil followed the same order while albumin (12.733, 23.333 and 23.333 μmol/l), PCV (29.889, 26.444 and 34.111%), Hg (10.033, 8.789 and 11.133g/l) and RBC (4.978, 4.589 and 5.867*10^6/l) differed significantly (p<0.05) on bucks fed 10, 20 and 30% inclusion levels with 30% being the highest value obtained. The interaction of cotton products and inclusion levels for most parameters measured differed significantly (p<0.05) except for BUN and monocytes counts. Using WCS or CSC had no significant effect (p>0.05) on hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and organ weights although, inclusion level of these products affected hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, empty small intestine and lungs weights significantly with 30% inclusion having the highest value and 20% the lowest value for the parameters observed. Similarly, prime cuts of leg, chump and main rib differed significantly for the effect of cotton products with WCS having better muscle development compared to CSC treated group. It can be concluded that, the use of either WCS and CSC, and their inclusion at various levels will give a similar result although, for better digestibility and nutrient absorption, CSC is more preferable at 20% inclusion.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tittle page, …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
CERTIFICATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi
Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii
List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xi
List of plates………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xiii
CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v
1.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
CHAPTER 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1 History of cotton plant ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1.1. Origin of cotton plant …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1.2 Description of cotton plant ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.1.3 Economic importance of cotton plant …………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2. 2 Description of cotton products …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2.1 Whole Cotton Seed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.2.2 Cotton Seed Cake …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
2.2.3 Cotton Hulls ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
2.3 Potential Constraint of Cotton Product ………………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.3.1Gossypol …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.3.2 Tannins …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
2.3.3 Aflatoxin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
2.3.4 Cyclopropenoid fatty acids ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
2.3.5 Phytate ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
2.3.6 Saponin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
2.4 Methods of processing cotton products………………………………………………………………………….. 19
2.4.1 Cotton Seed Cake ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
2.4.2 Whole Cotton Seed ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
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2.5 Effect of feeding cotton products on ruminant animals. …………………………………………………… 22
2.5.1 Effect on performance: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2.5.2 Effect on Blood/ Hematological Parameters ………………………………………………………………… 25
2.5.3 Effect on rumen fluid; …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
2.5.4 Effect on Carcass Characteristics;……………………………………………………………………………….. 26
2.6 Population and Distribution of Goats: ………………………………………………………………………….. 27
2.6.2 Characteristics of Red Sokoto Goat ………………………………………………………………………………. 28
2.6.3 Economic importance of goats in Nigeria ………………………………………………………………………. 28
2.6.4 Constrain to small ruminant production………………………………………………………………………… 29
2.6.5 Small Ruminant Production Systems …………………………………………………………………………….. 32
2.7 Nutrient requirements of growing goats. ……………………………………………………………………………… 33
2.7.1 Water ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
2.7.2 Energy and Fat …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
2.7.3 Protein ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
2.7.4 Minerals ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
2.7.5 Vitamins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
2.8 Digestive Systems …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
The Rumen ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
2.8.1 Rumen Digestions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
2.8.2 Effects of feed type on rumen digestion. …………………………………………………………………….. 41
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD ……………………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.1 Experimental Site ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.2 Experimental Diets and Animal Feeding ……………………………………………………………………… 44
3.3 Experimental Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
3.4 Experimental Animals and Animal Management ………………………………………………………….. 45
3.5 Digestibility Trial ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
3.6 Haematological Studies…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
3.7 Carcass Characteristics …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
3.8 Histopathology of the liver and small intestine………………………………………………………………. 47
3.9 Chemical Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
3.10 Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
4.0 RESULTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
4.1 Effect of Cotton Products on Growth Performance ………………………………………………………….. 50
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4.2 Effect of Cotton Products on Digestibility …………………………………………………………………….. 53
4.2.1 Main effect of cotton products on the digestibility of Red Sokoto Bucks …………………………… 53
4.3.3 Interaction effect of cotton products and inclusion levels on nitrogen balance ………………….. 62
4.4.3 Interaction effect of cotton products and inclusion levels on blood and serum metabolites .. 66
4.5.3 Interaction effect of cotton products and inclusion level on carcass characteristics ……………. 70
4.6 Effect of Cotton Products on Prime cuts of Carcass of Red Sokoto Bucks ………………………….. 70
4.6.1 Main effect of cotton products on prime cuts of Red Sokoto bucks ………………………………….. 70
4.6.2 Main effect of inclusion levels of cotton products on prime cuts ……………………………………… 70
4.6.3 Interaction effect of cotton products and inclusion levels on prime cuts of Red Sokoto bucks ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
CHAPTER 5 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
5.0 DISCUSSIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
5.1 Effect of Cotton Products on the Growth Performance of Red Sokoto Bucks …………………………… 76
5.2 Effect of Cotton Products on the Digestibility of Red Sokoto Bucks ………………………………….. 77
5.3 Effect of Cotton Products on Nitrogen Balance fed to Red Sokoto Bucks …………………………… 78
5.4 Effect of Cotton Products on Blood and Serum Metabolites of Red Sokoto Bucks ……………………. 79
5.5 Effect of Cotton Products on Carcass Characteristics of Red Sokoto Bucks ………………………… 81
5.6 Effect Cotton Products on Prime Cuts of Red Sokoto bucks ……………………………………………… 81
CHAPTER 6 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ……………………………………………… 83
6.1 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
6.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
6.3 Recommendation …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….92
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
With the increasing per capital income, the livestock sector has become one of the fastest developing agricultural sub-sectors, exerting substantial pressure on the fragile natural resources. The competitive demand for conventional plant protein sources particularly soybean meal and groundnut cake has led to high cost of animal feed in Nigeria. This has necessitated the search for alternative replacement that has competitive nutritive value also and preferably cheaper than the conventional protein source (Attehet al., 1995). Whole cotton seed (WCS) and Cotton Seed cake (CSC) are by-products of the cotton industry. Whole cotton seed is unprocessed and contains a high level of crude protein (20-24%) with high digestible energy content, making it a very useful by-product (Pooreand Rogers, 1995). Due to its high content of fat and protein, it can be defined as a concentrate. Furthermore, regarding effectiveness in the rumen, it has properties similar to forage fibre sources (Arieli, 1998). Increasing demands for energy and protein sources by ruminants have increased the importance of whole cotton seed (WCS) as an energy and protein supplying ingredient. Due to the high energy, oil and protein contents, WCS is a popular feedstuff for ruminants and it has been accepted as an alternative to cereal grain in many rations (Kandylis et al., 1998). In addition WCS is a good source of phosphorus and vitamin E.
Cotton Seed Cake (CSC) is also high in protein (26-48%), a good source of fiber and phosphorus. Cotton Seed Cake supplies protein of satisfactory quality for cattle, sheep or horses, but less for poultry if fed as sole protein source because of its low lysine contents (Ibrahim, 1998). It is also deficient in calcium and a poor source of carotene. Chesworth,
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(1992) categorized CSC as a type of concentrate supplying both rumen degradable (RDP) and undegradable (UDP) protein and gave the RDP and UDP levels of CSC to be 27.4% and 18.3% respectively for a 45.7% CP, CSC. One potential problem in the feeding of cottonseed or cottonseed products is gossypol toxicity; gossypol is a yellow polyphenotic compound indigenous to the cotton plant. The concentration of free gossypol in feed stuffs such as WCS and CSC varies considerably. The level of gossypol in the seed is about 0.7 – 0.8 %, (Pereira et al., 2002) its concentration can be affected by the variety of cotton, soil conditions, levels of fertilizer applied, water supply and any factor that may affect plant growth. In cotton seed cake however, the method of processing, the duration of heat treatment or processing, and the extent of oil extraction affects its gossypol content. Ruminants have the ability to detoxify large amounts of gossypol within the rumen (Reiser and Fu, 1962). Diets containing up to 25% (DM basis) WCS have been reported to be safe for consumption by cattle (Calhoun and Holmberg, 1991). Solaiman (2007) reported safe level of 30% inclusion of WCS in diets fed to goats with no adverse effect on dry matter intake and growth performance, but had an adverse effect on some blood metabolites, liver related enzymes and semen quality. While 16% inclusion level of WCS was reported to have negative effect on lamb performance (Absalanet al., 2011). Justification of the Study
Although WCS and CSC have been used extensively in cattle feeding systems (Poore and Rogers, 1995; Arieli, 1998), they have not been fully investigated as a sole dietary ingredient for small ruminants especially for meat and dairy purposes in Nigeria. The Agricultural Transformation Agenda in 2012 proposed the use of 3000 metric tonnes of cotton seed for
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planting which has being reported to have commenced in Bauchi state in 2014. This increase in availability of planting materials will encourage and boost the production of cottonseed and its by-products and also bridge the gap of proximity in the region, which will serve as alternative feedstuff for ruminant animalsthereby reducing competition with other conventional feedstuffs. Objectives of the study Broad objective: The present study was aimed at evaluating cotton products on performance, haematological parameters and carcass characteristics of growing Red Sokotobucks. Thespecific objectives of the study are to determine:
1. The effect of feeding various levels of cotton products (WCS and CSC) on the voluntary intake and response when fed to Red Sokotobucks
2. Theeffect of feeding various levels of WCS and CSC on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of Red Sokoto bucks.
3. The effect of feeding various levels of WCS and CSC on carcass characteristics and histopathology of organs of Red Sokoto bucks.
4. The effect of cotton products (WCS and CSC) on blood metabolites of Red Sokoto bucks.
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Hypotheses of the study HO1= Feeding diet containing different levels of WCS and CSC have effect on the performance and carcass characteristics of Red Sokoto bucks. HA1= feeding diets with inclusion levels of WCS and CSC have no effect on the performance and carcass characteristics of Red Sokoto bucks. HO2= Diet containing varied levels of WCS and CSC have effect on blood metabolites of growing bucks. HA2= Diet containing varied levels of WCS and CSC have no effect on blood metabolites of growing bucks.
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