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ABSTRACT

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth performance and egg production parameters of ISA-BROWN (ISA-B) growing pullets and laying birds fed Herbomethionine and DL-Methionine in their diets. In the first experiment, 234 nine weeks old growing pullets with an average initial weight of 625g were allotted to six dietary treatment groups. There were 39 birds per treatment made up of three replicates of thirteen birds each. In the second and third experiments, 216 laying birds selected from birds used in experiment 1 with an average initial weight of 1500g and 1610g respectively were allotted to six dietary treatment groups of 36 birds replicated three times with 12 birds each. Treatment 1 had 0.10% DL-Methionine, no Herbomethionine, Treatment 2 had 0.10% Herbomethionine, no DL-Methionine, Treatment 3 had 0.10% each of DL-Methionine and Herbomethionine, Treatment 4 had 0.30% DL-Methionine, no Herbomethionine, Treatment 5 had 0.30% Herbomethionine, no DL-Methionine, Treatment 6 had 0.15% of DL-Methionine and 0.15% Herbomethionine. The results of experiment one showed that birds fed DL-Methionine and Herbomethionine at 0.30% performed significantly (P<0.05) better than all other treatments in weight gain (790g and 779g), feed intake (7.34kg and 7.26kg) and feed conversion ratio (8.61 and 9.92) respectively. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in mortality. Results of experiments 2 and 3 showed that treatment 6 (birds fed diet with 0.15% of DL-Methionine and 0.15% Herbomethionine methiorep®) supplementations performed significantly (P<0.05) better in egg number (82) compared with treatment 2 (birds fed diet with 0.10% Herbomethionine) supplementations. Highest percent hen-day egg production was recorded in T6 (80) than T1 (69) and T2 (65). Dietary treatments had significant (P<0.05) effects on egg shell weight, egg shell thickness, albumen weight and yolk diameter. The Haugh unit was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in hematological parameters such as packed cell volume, hemoglobin count and total proteins. It was concluded that herbomethionine supplemented at 0.30% was found to be as effective as 0.30% DL-methionine in the grower study whereas in the layer study, herbomethionine supplemented at 0.15% plus DL-methionine supplemented at 0.15% gave the best performance in egg production and egg quality.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page …………………………………………………………………………….……i Declaration ……………………………………………………………………….………ii Certification ………………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….iv Dedication ………………………………………………………………….……………vi Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………vii List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………xi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..xii
CHAPTER ONE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Justification ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.2 Objectives of the study ………………………………………………………………………………. 4
1.3 Research Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
CHAPTER TWO …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1 Roles of methionine in the nutrition of laying hens ………………………………………… 5
2.2 Metabolism and pathway of methionine ……………………………………………………….. 5
2.2 Egg Production and formation …………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.4.0 Effects of DL-Methionine on Poultry Performance ……………………………………….. 8
2.4.1 Effects of DL-Methionine supplementation on feed intake ……………………………… 8
2.4.2 Effect of Methionine Supplementation on Egg Weight and Egg Mass ……………… 9
2.4.3 Effect of Methionine and Lysine Supplementations on Body Weight of Laying Hens. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.5.0 Nutrient Requirement of Laying Birds ……………………………………………………….. 10
2.5.1 Energy requirement ………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.5.2 Vitamin requirement ………………………………………………………………………………… 11
2.5.3 Mineral requirement ………………………………………………………………………………… 11
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2.6 Deficiency of methionine in layer‟s diets ……………………………………………………. 12
2.7 Criticisms on the use of methionine for laying birds …………………………………….. 12
2.8.0 Herbomethionine (methiorep®)………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.8.1 Ingredient composition of methiorep® ………………………………………………………… 13
2.8.2 Source of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) …………………………………………………… 13
2.8.3 Application of methiorep® ………………………………………………………………………… 14
2.9.0 Effect of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) Supplementation on Poultry……………. 15
2.9.1 Effects of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) supplementation on feed Intake ……… 15
2.9.2 Effects of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) supplementation on weight gain …….. 16
2.9.3 Effect of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) supplementation on feed conversion ratio ………………………………………………………………………………16
2.9.4 Effect of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) supplementation on mortality ………….. 16
CHAPTER THREE ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………………………………… 18
3.1 Experimental Site ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.2 Source of experimental birds ………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.2.1 Feeding Trials……………………………………………………………………….18
3.2.2 Experiment 1: Evaluation of growth performance of pullets fed varying levels and combinations of herbomethionine (methiorep®) and in their diets (9- 20weeks). ………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.2.2.1 Experimental diets: ………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.2.2.2 Experimental Design and Management of Birds ………………………………………….. 21
3.2.2.3 Parameters measured ……………………………………………………………………………….. 21
3.2.2.4 Data analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3.2.3 Experiment 2: Evaluation of early egg laying performance of birds fed varying levels and combinations of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in their diets (22-34weeks)……………………..22
3.2.3.1 Experimental diets: …………………………………………………………………………………… 22
3.2.3.2 Experimental Design and Management of Birds …………………………………………… 22
3.2.3.3 Parameters measured ………………………………………………………………………………… 23
3.2.3.4 Data analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
3.2.4.1 Experimental design …………………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.2.4.2 Experimental diets ……………………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.2.4.3 Hematological study …………………………………………………………………………………. 26
3.2.4.4 Parameters measured ………………………………………………………………………………… 26
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3.2.4.5 Egg quality determinations ………………………………………………………………………… 26
3.2.4.6 Data analysis and statistical model ……………………………………………………………… 29
CHAPTER FOUR ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4.0 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4.1 Proximate Composition of Grower Diet ……………………………………………………… 30
4.2 Proximate Composition of Layer Diet ………………………………………………………… 30
4.3.1 Experiment 1: Effect of Supplementation of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in the Diet of Growers (9-20weeks)……………30
4.3.2 Experiment 2: Early Laying Performance of hens fed varying levels and combinations of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL- Methionine in their diets (22 – 34 weeks)………………………..33
4.3.3 Experiment 3: Laying Performance of hens fed varying levels and combinations of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL- Methionine in their Diets (35 –50 weeks). ……………………………………………………………………………. 37
4.3.4: Effect of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine supplementations on hematological parameters of egg-type chickens (50weeks). …………………………… 38
4.3.6: Internal Egg Quality Characteristics of Birds fed Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL–Methionine in their Diets. ……………………………………………………………… 40
CHAPTER FIVE …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
5.0 DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………………………………….44
5.1 Experiment 1: Effect of Supplementation of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL- Methionine in the Diet of Growers (9-20weeks). ……………………………. 44
5.2 Experiment 2: Early Laying Performance of Hens fed varying levels and combinations of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in their diets (22- 34weeks). ……………………………………………………………………………………. 45
5.3 Experiment 3: Laying Performance of Hens fed varying levels and combinations of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in their Diets (35- 50weeks). ……………………………………………………………………………………. 47
5.4 Effect of Supplementation of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and ……… 50
DL-Methionine hematological parameters of egg–type chickens (50weeks). ………………… 50
5.5 External Egg Quality Characteristics of Birds fed Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in their Diets. …………………………………… 51
5.6 Internal Egg Quality Characteristics of Birds fed Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in their Diets. …………………………………… 52
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CHAPTER SIX ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………. 53
6.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
6.2 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
6.3 Recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Poultry production in Nigeria is faced with so many challenges and only the farmers who embrace new measures to improve on their production efficiency while lowering their production costs can really have a profitable poultry venture. The frequent collapse of many commercial poultry farms in Nigeria have been attributed to high cost of poultry feeds (Ogundipe, 2002). The challenge of poultry nutritionists is to formulate economically viable diets, which provide as closely as possible the nutrient requirements of chickens. Methionine is required at higher level to comply with the increased tissue and egg demands when bird is predisposed to fast growth along with high production performance (Halder and Roy, 2007). Methionine is usually limiting in the diets of layers and therefore need to be supplemented (Fancher and Jensen, 1989). Methionine deficiency is associated with poor quality eggs, thin shells or shelless eggs (Bishnol, 2008). It is economical to add methionine to poultry diets than soybean meal or other natural protein to meet the requirement (Halder and Roy, 2007).
An oversupply of amino acids cannot be converted to body proteins and it may depress performance leading to inefficient and uneconomical egg production (Reinhart, 1996). Methionine serves as an integral portion of body protein, a precursor for cysteine and an important source of dietary sulfur as well act as a lipotropic agent in balancing protein requirements (Young et al., 1995). Sulpur-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM) is a potent donor
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of methyl groups that contributes to the synthesis of other substances including epinephrine, choline and creatinine (Bender, 1975). Applying DL-Methionine supplements in feeding layers resulted in changes in physio-chemical traits in the egg in terms of size and internal quality. Proteins from animal sources contain adequate amounts of methionine but are often too expensive for use in practical rations (Dafwang et al., 1980; Dafwang, 2006). The authors concluded that methionine requirements for poultry can be met by supplementing with DL– Methionine. Recently, the safety of such practices has been questioned and their use is becoming restricted in many regions of the world (Chattopadhyay et al., 2006). The arguments against the use of synthetic methionine is that dietary adjustments aiming to maximize production performance without special concern for nutrient over supply, especially proteins and amino acids, creates more environmental problems due to increased production of nitrogen from poultry droppings (Bishnol, 2008). The use of synthetic Methionine is controversial in organic poultry production and nutritionists have been challenged to find suitable alternatives to synthetic methionine.
A new product is just being introduced into the Nigerian animal feed industry market to take care of some of the problems. This product is known as Herbomethionine (methiorep®). Methiorep® is prepared from specially selected methionine-rich plant materials that harmoniously meet the requirements for methionine in poultry diets. This product supplies methionine via a sustained-release of peptides and oligopeptides forms along with enzymes required for the conversion of methionine into SAM s-adenosyl methionine (Animal Care Service Konsults, 2008).
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Supplementation of methionine with this phyto-additive made from herbs have been scientifically proven to ensure efficient nutrient and energy utilization, reduction in feather pecking and better performance of breeder flocks (Bishnol, 2008). Ayurvet Limited (2007), An Indian company that manufactures methiorep® also claims the following benefits for supplementing poultry diets with methiorep:
a. Provision of optimum activity of methionine.
b. Optimum protein synthesis and energy utilization in layer birds.
c. Increased efficiency of production and optimum egg size in laying birds.
d. Better performance of breeder birds.
e. Improved growth, performance, feed conversion ratio and livability of flocks.
There is need to investigate the use of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) as a substitute for synthetic methionine in layer diets since little or no study has been conducted in this part of the country to determine the efficacy of this product as a substitute for synthetic DL – Methionine in poultry diets. This study is designed to compare the efficiency of herbomethionine (methiorep®) against synthetic DL –methionine in grower and layer diets.
1.1 Justification
The use of synthetic DL-methionine in poultry feed is becoming more expensive, consumers worldwide prefer eggs produced by birds fed on natural materials rather than synthetic materials.
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The study is undertaken to determine the comparative efficacy of combination of synthetic methionine plus herbomethionine (methiorep®) incorporation on egg production and egg quality traits of layers.
1.2 Objectives of the study
1. To evaluate the effect of feeding Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine in the diets of growing Pullets (9-20weeks).
2. To evaluate the effects of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL-Methionine supplemental diets on the laying performance of egg-type chicken.
3. To assess the effects of Herbomethionine (methiorep®) and DL- Methionine supplemental diets on egg quality characteristics of egg-type chickens.
1.3 Research Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
1. Feeding varying levels of Herbomethionine (methiorep® ) and DL-Methionine has no effect on performance of growing pullets.
2. Feeding varying levels Herbomethionine (methiorep® ) and DL-Methionine has no effect on egg laying performance of egg-type chickens.
3. Feeding varying levels of Herbomethionine (methiorep® ) and DL-Methionine has no effect on egg quality characteristics of egg-type chickens.

 

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