ABSTRACT
The study focuses on, possible methods of extracting and processing resins obtained from Musaceae (banana plant), precisely: Musa Cavendish Dwarf and Musa Paradisiaca to be used as pigment binder and its fastness properties when printed on cotton fabrics. Additional purpose of the study was to determine the quantity and quality of resins extracted from different species of the banana plant. To achieve these purposes some additives such as alum, potash and salt were used and also some fixative processes such as oxidization, steaming and ironing, were explored. All samples were printed on cotton fabric and subjected to standard washing, rubbing as well as light fastness tests. The tests were done through some manual and laboratory approaches with pigment paste on cotton fabric. The resins from banana plant species were extracted by tapping and pounding then squeezed out. They were used fresh into the paste, whereby different thickeners were introduced namely: sodium alginate, gum tragacanth, in separate beakers, and all were mixed with three different mordants namely: alum, potash and salt. It was then printed on the cotton fabric, oxidized, steamed and ironed. The printed fabrics were tested for wash, rubbing, and light fastness tests: It is also inferred that the amount of resins mixed was 2.5mls of resin with half pellet of pigment, 2 tea spoons of thickener 2/3 spoon of mordants well mixed for 3-4mins. I.S.O. (International Standard Organization) 3 for the wash fastness test, the results of wash and rubbing fastness tests were interpreted using the grey scale (I.S.O. 150), while the light fastness test was interpreted using the blue standard. All results were reported in photoraphs, samples, specimens, plates and tables. It can be concluded that locally produced binder from both species of Musaceae namely Musa cavendish dwarf and Musa paradisiaca produced acceptable results, especially wash fastness test, followed by the rub fastness test and then light fastness test.
Based on the selection, collection, analysis and uses of data obtained in the cause of this study, conclusions are as follow:
1. Two species of Musaceae were selected namely:
– Musa Cavendish Dwarf
– Musa Paradisiaca
2. The quantity extractable from the pseudostem of each species was as follow:
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– 74gm mass weight of raw material used produced—45mls of resin from Alusa Cavendish Dwarf
– 200gm mass weight of raw material used produced—*l4Omls of resin from Alusa Paradisiaca. The quantity extractable from Musa Paradisiaca was more than the one of Musa Cavendish Dwarf
3. The method of extraction employed was direct method, which has to do with pounding and then squeeze out the resin. The method adopted was profitable.
4. The mordants used in the study were: Alum, Potash, Sodium chloride, and Ammonium chloride
5. The Wash, Rub, and Light fastness property was of acceptable quality.
Therefore, the results of this study have proven its relevance to the economic need of this Nation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vii
List of Plates – – – – – – – – – xi
List of Tables – – – – – – – – – xii
List of Figures – – – – – – – – xviii
Definition of operational terms – – – – – – Xiv
Abbreviations of terms – – – – – – – xx
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the problem – – – – – – 3
1.3 Objectives of the study – – – – – – – 3
1.4 Research questions – – – – – – – 4
1.5 Significance of the study – – – – – – 4
1.6 Scope and delimitation of the study – – – – – 6
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CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 8
2.1 Review of natural raw materials – – – – – 8
2.2 Natural and Synthetic Resins and their Uses – – – – 11
2,2.lNaturalresins – – – – – – – – 12
2.2.2 Synthetic resins – – – – – – – 13
2.3 Some Plants used as Binding Agents – – – – – 14
2.4 Methods of Extraction – – – – – – – 16
2.5 Description of Musaceae Plant and its Chemical Composition – 18
2.5.1 Description – – – – – – – – 18
2.5.2 Scientific classification of plantain – – – – – 20
2.5.3 Chemical composition of Musaceae – – – – – 20
2.6 Pretreatment of fabric (Desizing) – – – – – 20
2.7 Mordants and mordanting of fabric – – – – – 22
2.8 Paint preparation – – – – – – – 24
2.9 Printing processes – – – – – – – 27
2.10 Fixing techniques – – – – – – – 29
2.11 Colour fastness test – – – – – – – 30
2.11.1 Light fastness test – – – – – – – 32
2.11.2 Wash fastness test – – – – – – – 33
2.11.3 Rubbing fastness test – – – – – – 33
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 38
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – – – 38
3.1.1 Research Instruments – – – – – – – 38
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3.2 Methods – – – – – – – – – 39
3.2.1 Identification of banana plant species – – – – 39
3.2.2 Collection of Banana Plant Species – – – – – 39
3.2.3 Experiment I: Preparation and extraction of raw material – 40
3.2.3.2 Direct extraction of the resin – – – – – 41
3.2.4 Experiment II: Pre-treatment of fabric (Desizing) – – – 43
3.2.5 Experiment III: Mixing and printing – – – – 44
3.2.6 Fixing technique adopted – – – – – – 45
1. Steaming – – – – – – – – – 45
2. Ironing – – – – – – – – – 45
3.3 Colour Fastness Tests – – – – – – – 46
3.3.1 Determination of wash fastness – – – – – 46
3.3.2 Determination of fastness test to rubbing – – – – 47
3.3.3 Determination of colour fastness test to light – – – 48
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 51
4.1 Wash Fastness Test Results – – – – – – 53
4.2 Rubbing Fastness Test Results – – – – – – 104
4.3 Light Fastness Test Results – – – – – – 123
4.4 Answers to all Research Questions and Objectives – – – 130
4.4.1 Answers of research questions – – – – – 130
4.4.2 Answers to Objectives of the Study 132
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 133
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 133
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5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 134
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 135
References – – – – – – – – – 138
Appendix I – – – – – – – – – 143
Appendix II – – – – – – – – 144
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Textile is a tradition that goes back through time and may in fact be one of the earliest collected art form. According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur, leather, leaves or grass draped, wrapped or tied about the body. The textile industry, with its extremely long and rich history, has had a massive impact on the world‘s economy and the very evolution of modern society. The desire to protect the entire body from harsh weather as well as from bites of insects has led to many exploits, even that of textile raw materials, (Maiwada, 2001).
Every nation, be it developed, developing or underdeveloped is moving with time through one research or the other with the aim of protecting and developing further action on variables needed for new findings. This in turn serves as achievement in the bid to attain self reliance, self-sufficiency or supremacy in the world. Nigeria, not left out in this race is gradually getting industrialized with various projects proposed. The country over the years has suffered from insufficient and shortage of textile raw materials such as chemicals, colourants, binders, pigments, dyes, fibres, to mention but a few. This problem increased as a result of the ban on importation of textile materials by the federal government of Nigeria since 1977. This has been compounded by a gradual and steadily increasing population. (Bako, 1989)
Due to inadequate supply of imported textile raw materials, the rate of production of fabric in most textile industries in Nigeria has dropped below average, Mohammed (1984) in Mosaku (1987). Many manufacturers of textile raw materials have been attempting to produce chemicals including dyes, adhesives and colourants; however, these are rather low in quality and ineffective to meet people‘s needs.
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Heaton (1984) explored a variety of textile raw materials in Nigeria, and stated that if Nigeria‘s textile local resources are thoroughly exploited and processed, the importation of textile raw materials will be put to an end within a relatively short period of time. Bako (1989) recommended that efforts should be made towards working with locally available sources of textile raw materials rather than depending on imported ones.
Researches have been conducted in Nigerian Universities and those outside Nigeria on textile colours, extracted from plants to supplement the synthetic dyes, introduction of local techniques of dyeing, printing and weaving into contemporary ones as a new development in textiles. Some researches were also made on raw material that could fix or bind colourant. Kogi (1997) affirms that researches have been conducted on colours extracted from plants that will substitute synthetic dyes. Siva (2007) also reviewed an article on status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India. Murray (1960) and Clarke (1974) in Bako (1989) confirmed the use of resins as binder and photo-screen blockage when coating designs on the screen so as not to allow pigment paste penetrate through those areas not needed.
Encarta student dictionary (2007) and Halsey (1968) in Alau (1986) defined dye as a substance used to colour materials permanently in such a way and manner that the imparted colour seems to be part of the fabric and not merely applied to the surface as in painting.
Storey (1978) in Alau (1986), defines natural dyes as those obtained from plants, animals and minerals. Dyeing improves the market value and enhances the aesthetic of clothes. From a simple experiment it was observed that when Banana resins – be it from leaves or its stem, gets in contact with cotton fabric, a permanent stain is fixed. This background provides the motivating factor for this research.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nigerian industrial manufacturing activities are import-oriented in terms of the necessary inputs namely: – machinery, raw materials and in some cases man power. The insufficiency of textile raw materials such as binders, adhesives, fibres, inks, pigments and dyes, for the production of textile fabrics, has caused increase of the cost price on their sale. It sought to find an alternative solution to the problem of scarcity of dyestuff, binders, inks, and fibers in schools and industries. There is need for research on locally available raw materials; this will help to put an end on importation of textile materials.
The problem of this study therefore focuses on possible methods of extracting and processing resins obtained from musaceae (banana plant), to be used as pigment binder and its fastness properties when printed on cotton fabrics. The study will also determine the quantity and quality of resins extracted from different species of the banana plant.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
1. Aims
The aims of this study is to make the hypotheses of this study valid and to select identify, collect, extract, and process resins that can be collected in Sabon Gari, Zaria in Kaduna State for the production of binder. The locally produced resins will be tested to see to which extent the raw material could be used as binder in textile printing and to determine the type of alkali based, agencies and additives that will be suitable for binding pigment on cotton fabric. The study will also determine the wash, rub and light fastness property of the pigment binder on cotton fabric
2. Objectives
The objectives of this study are to:
1) select and collect the different species of the study plant which are musaceae (banana) plant.
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2) determine its quantity and quality.
3) determine the suitable methods of extracting resin from musaceae.
4) select suitable mordants that will be introduced to help fix the produced ink on cotton fabric.
5) test the wash, light, and rub fastness property of the pigment binder on cotton fabric.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions which are based on the objectives of the study were designed to guide this research:
1) what are the possible methods to select species of musaceae and what is the quantity extractabe?
2) what are the suitable methods of extracting musaceae plants resin?
3) to what degree will the gum resin be mixed with pigment paste and to what possible state can the resin be used to bind pigment on cotton fabric?
4) is mordant needed to serve as fixative for pigment on the fabric?
5) will the efficacy level of wash, rub and light fastness tests be of acceptable quality?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Man‘s desire to appear beautiful through the ages has been expressed in the use of clothing for personal adornment, (Mac, 1963). The fabrics used for this purpose essentially require paint in their production. Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and resins binders such as: gum Arabic, egg white, gelatin and beeswax were the first vehicles used in these pigments, (Nguyen, 2008).
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In every society, nature provides certain raw materials, that, societies have freedom to select from and to reshape for the benefit of its people. Some make use of them while others do not. Enamali (1987) in Bako (1989) states that through contact with appropriate societies coupled with readiness and willingness to exploit natural resources and to yield fruitful result, yet in some, this merely serves to preserve status quo and promote further dependency. In Nigeria, certain plants are yet to be explored for textile colouration and plants for extraction of pigment binders or adhesives. The Federal Government directive that industries should strive to source their raw materials locally is seen as a step forward in realisation of this noble objective. The Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) have a vital role to play until date, (Bako, 1989).
Taking a critical look at Nigeria‘s state of industrial and technological advancement since independence, it will not be far from the truth if one says that progress is rather slow, Maiwada (2001). He further states that, there is need to work much hard towards achieving more meaningful development.
Banana plant cultivators observed that a touch of banana plant resin on cloth can stain it permanently; this implies that Banana sap is extremely sticky and can be used as a practical adhesive. Sap can be obtained from the pseudostem, from the peelings, or from the flesh. Therefore, there is need to exploit this plant, as to study the type of binder that can be obtained from it, both in terms of the quantity and quality. It is also to get suitable methods of extraction, to determine the biological properties and components of the binder obtained. Today in Nigeria, there is demand for supply of dyes, binders, inks because of the scarce commodity. According to Peterson (1974) in Alau (1986), prices are determined by the forces of demand, and supply.
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In the present economic position of this country, in the case of pigment binder the importation supply is low while the demand is high which makes the purchase price very high. This fact is a product of dependency on importation of dye stuffs and binding agents. To solve this problem, researchers and federal government should make serious effort in exploiting the local resources, this can reduce the problem of depending on imported synthetic binders and dyes, and this is an attempt in attaining equilibrium between demand and supply and conversely, the cost of binders and dye in this area. If locally extracted dyes, inks and binders (adhesives) are found to be significantly suitable (as it is in the case of indigo dye, gum Arabic, and gum karaya), this will provide an alternative and save the home dyers (small scale industries) from buying synthetic adhesives and dyes on a high rate.
Schools will not only find it cheaper to use, but also will contribute to how and the method or steps to use in extracting adhesives for their pigments, this will be a challenge and will contribute to the knowledge of students especially if the extracted binder is suitable. This study will contribute into the existing literature on the subject, and it will be deliberately addressed to Nigerian local plants. The findings of this study will also help institutions offering textiles as a course to be able to prepare little dye for teaching.
Colour sometimes speak louder than words, its appeal is universal and repeatedly serves as a mode of expression as it relates to cultural and social values. The aesthetics value of this study will be found in the fastness quality of the coloured the cloth. The findings of this study will be documented, thus it will contribute to the literature of textile education in particular and the body of knowledge in general. Educational institutions as well as cottage textiles industries will certainly benefit from the results.
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1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Mbah (1983), in a comparative study of bananas (Musa ABB groups) and plantains (Musa AAB groups), reveals that there are different species of banana plants which include: the Cavendish, Burro, Nino, Dwarf and Plantain. Also Omotoso and Ogunsile (2009) discussed that Four Musa species, namely; Musa cavendish, Musa paradisiaca, Musa nana and Musa sapientum are widely distributed and cultivated in south-western part of Nigeria, were obtained from the Department of Agronomy of the University of Ibadan. The study was conducted in 2004. Therefore this study has covered some species found in Sabon Gari local government area and Zaria in Zaria local government and its environs in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Especially those capable to be used as pigment binder (adhesive) for textile printing.
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