TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Table of content – – – – – – – – – vii
List of tables – – – – – – – – – x
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the study – – – – – – – 1
1.2. Statement of problem – – – – – – – – 2
1.3. Objectives of the study – – – – – – – 3
1.4. Research questions – – – – – – – – 3
1.5. Significance of the study – – – – – – – 3
1.6. Scope of the study – – – – – – – – 5
1.7. Operational definition of terms – – – – – – 5
1.8 Organization of the Study – – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – 8
2.2. Conceptual Literature – – – – — 8
2.2.1. Language – – – – – – – – 8
2.2.2. Multilingualism – – – – – – – 9
2.2.3. Language Contact – – – – – – – 10
2.2.2. Language Choice in Multilingual Communities – – – 11
2.2.4. Native language – – – – – — – `12
2.2.7. Nigeria as a Multilingual Nation – – – – – 13
2.3. Reviews of Empirical Studies – – – – – – 13
2.4. Theoretical Review – – – – – – – – 21
2.4.1. Plato’s Problem – – – – – – – – 21
2.4.2. Cartesian Linguistics – – – – – – – 22
2.4.3. Locke’s Tabula Rasa – – – – – – – 22
2.4.4. Skinner’s Theory of Behaviorism – – – – – 23
2.4.5. Chomsky’s Universal Grammar – – – – – – 24
2.4.6. Schumann’s Acculturation Model – – – – – 24
2.4.7. Krashen’s Monitor Model – – – – – – 25
2.5. Theoretical Framework – – – – – – 25
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – 27
3.2. Research Design – – – – – – – – – 27
3.3. Population of the Study – – – – – – – 28
3.4. Sampling Size – – – – – – – – 28
3.5. Sampling Technique – – – – – – – 28
3.6. Instrument for Data Collection – – – – – – 29
3.7. Method of Data Collection – – – – – – 29
3.8. Validity/Reliability of Instrument – – – – – 29
3.8.1. Reliability test – – – – – – – – 30
3.9. Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – 33
4.2. Data Presentation/Analysis – – – – – – 33
4.3. Discussion of Findings – – – – – – – 39
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Introduction – – – – – – – – – 41
5.2. Summary – – – – – – – – – 41
5.3. Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 42
5.4. Recommendations – – – – – – – – 44
5.5. Limitations to the Study – – – – – – 44
5.6. Suggestions for Further Studies – – – – – 44
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – 45
APPENDIX – – – – – – – – – 47
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Sex of Respondents – – – – – – – 33
Table 2 Category of Respondents – – – – – 34
Table 3 Age distribution of Respondents – – – – – 34
Table 4 Marital status of respondents – – – – – 35
Table 5 Education Attainment of Respondents – – – – 35
Table 6: Birth place of Respondents- – – – – – 36
Table 7: respondents view on when Yoruba and English is used- – 37
Table 8: respondent view on factors that determines linguistic choice – 38
Table 9: respondents view of Attitude of Yoruba community towards
Yoruba language, English language and other languages – 39
ABSTRACT
This research work empirically explored the factors affecting the choice of language in a multilingual society. The purpose of which is to investigate the importance of language. The objectives of this study were explore the domain use of Yoruba and English in a multilingual Nigerian community, investigate the factors behind their linguistics choice and investigate the attitudes of Yoruba community towards Yoruba language, English language and other languages. The scope of the study is western Nigeria, the Krashen’s Monitor Model theory was used as a framework. The research design used for this study is survey, the population targeted for this study consists of all residence of western Nigeria in Nigeria, sample size consisting of 300 questionnaires administered to respndents and cluster sampling technique was applied. Instrument used for this study is the questionnaire. Data collected were collected from primary sources. From the analysis of the data, the findings shows that Family and friends affect the usage of language, Factors such as social interaction, work affect the choice of language, Love for a language affect the attitude towards it Following the findings, it was recommended that Languages be used where necessary, Every community should strengthen the usage of their language.
Keyword: multilingual, language, Nigeria, western Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
Language is the most important aspect of human being, it is a means of communication between and among people. It is used when expressing feelings. Samsuri (1983) pointed out that language is a tool used to express peoples thought, feelings, willingness and behaviour; a tool used t influence and be influenced.
Nigeria as a country and indeed Africa as a whole is home to largely multilingual population and many multilingual communities. There are n fixed boundaries between language groups, people live and move freely between language groups. People switch freely between two or more languages in their everyday interactions. Myers-Scotton (1993) noted that “speaking more than one language in one conversation in one day is the rule rather than the exception in Africa”.
Although English language is the general and official language of Nigeria, other native languages are still used by societies to interact with each other. Nigeria has over 720 languages. Members of the community feels some kind of love and comfort when they communicate in their regional language. Thus, members of the community switch their language (official and regional) especially in multilingual community.
Multilingualism is extensive and covers many different contexts and theories of language use, recently the emotional aspect has received more attention. Dewale (2004) noted that mixed instruction, early onset of learning the language, frequent use of that language all play a role in language choice. Migration largely contributes to language contacts and change.
The choice of a language in a multilingual context is a complex task and it depends upon different variables such as language user’s social background, profession, educational background, attitudes and different social domains. It is a sociolinguistic phenomenon, which refers to selecting languages for different purposes in different contexts.
This research is sociolinguistics analysis (language and society) that will describe language choice in society.
1.2. Statement of the Research Problem
Nigeria is a multilingual country with varieties of communities having different languages. The community of the Yoruba in West Nigeria like any other ethnic community has issues concerning language choice, language use, language attitude and their right. This study attempts to explore the Yoruba language and its use in an Anglophone, multilingual community. It also aim to investigate the Yoruba’s attitude towards Yoruba and other existing languages in their communities.
It is against this background that the researcher considered the study of factors affecting the choice of language in a multilingual society.
1.3. Objectives of the study
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the choice of language in a multilingual society. The specific objectives are to:
- explore the domain use of Yoruba and English in a multilingual Nigerian community.
- investigate the factors behind their linguistics choice.
- investigate the attitudes of Yoruba community towards Yoruba language, English language and other languages.
1.4. Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following research questions:
- In what domain do the Yoruba community use Yoruba and English?
- What are the factors behind their linguistics choice?
- What are the attitudes of Yoruba community towards Yoruba language, English language and other languages
1.5. Significance of the Study
The critical nature of language in any community cannot be over-emphasized, this is because language is a means of communication and expression of feelings. Empirically, this study is carried out to the factors affecting the choice of language in a multilingual society so as to ameliorate the problems associated with the language system of Nigeria. When the native language is not maintained, important links to family and other community members may be lost. This study will be important to the society it will teach it the importance of linguistics and multilingualism.
It is hoped that the exploration of the society will provide a broad view of the operations of the language system to the society and the country at large. This study will be of benefit to;
The Academia: members of the academia will find the study relevant as it will also form basis for further research and a reference tool for academic works.
Government: this study will reveal to the government happenings in the communities. Formulation and implementation of policies based on this findings would ensure development and peace.
Investors: this study shall also be valuable to the investors especially those who may have research interest as it shall guide their private investment decisions.
This study at the end will enlighten communities on the implication of multilingualism.
1.6. Scope of the Study
This study is intended to investigate the factors affecting the choice of language in a multilingual society, using the Yoruba community of western Nigeria.
1.7. Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms have been defined operationally.
- Multilingualism: It is” a phenomenon devoted to the study of production, processing, and comprehension of more than two languages, respectively”. (Bhatia, 1997). It is the ability of an individual speaker or a community to communicate effectively in three or more languages. However, operationally it refers to Yoruba community of Nigeria who can use two or more languages whether orally or in writing.
- Language attitude: Sadanand (1993) maintains that “attitudes towards the use of different languages are motivated by people’s perception of the role of each language and the functions it performs in relation to each other”. It is the opinion, ideas and prejudice that speakers have with respect to a language. However, operationally attitudes refer to Yoruba people’s feelings towards their language and other languages.
- Domains of language use: According to Fasold (1990) language domains are taken to be “constellations of factors such as location, topic and participants”. These domains can be family, home, friendship, education, employment, media, work, place of worship and the neighborhood.
- Language choice: Bentahila (1983) defines language choice as “the ability any speaker of any language has and enables him/her to choose the appropriate language for any particular purpose”. When the speaker chooses what language to use in particular situation in bilingual or multilingual communities. The operational definition used in this study is the right of Yoruba people to choose and use specific language in specific situations or domains, especially Yoruba and English.
- Language Contact: When two or more languages come into contact they either co-exist side by side, or the host language dominates mother tongue language. According to Thomason (2001) language contact is the use of several languages in the same place and at the same time, and this usage would cause language change in terms that one language may affect another.
1.8 Organization of the Study
This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is introduction which consists of the background to the study, statement of problem, research questions, research hypotheses, objectives of the study, the significance of the study, the scope and limitations of the study and finally the organization of the study. Chapter two deals with the literature review which consists of the conceptual literature, theoretical literature, empirical literature, theoretical framework. Chapter three gives the research methodology including research design, population of study, sample size, sampling technique, method of data collection, instrument of data analysis, method of data analysis, validity/reliability of instrument. Chapter four is presentation and analysis of data, discussion of findings. Chapter five gives the summary, conclusion and recommendations.
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