ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to evaluate genetically the growth performance of the
Gudali and Wakwa beef cattle. Data utilized for this study was obtained from the Institute of
Agricultural Research for Development (IARD), Wakwa Station, Cameroon. The data used
consisted of pedigree information of 3788 animals and 2276 performance records for the
Gudali and Wakwa cattle respectively, ranging from birth to 36-months weight collected
from 1968 and 1988. The data were collected from compiled herd books (calf record sheet,
bull progeny record sheet and cow record sheet) consisting of pedigree information and
performance records from birth to 36-months weight for both the Gudali and Wakwa breeds.
The raw data were edited such that the utilized records gave complete information on calf
identity, sire identity, dam identity, sex of animal, dates of birth, season of birth, herd and
weights at birth, 3- month weight (3MWT), 4- month weight (4MWT), 6-month weight
(6MWT), weaning weight (WWT), 12-month weight (12MWT), yearling weight (YWT), 18-
month weight (18MWT), 24-month weight (24MWT), 30-month weight (30MWT) and 36-
month weight (36MWT). In order to determine the fixed effects that were included in the
model, a preliminary analysis was performed using the general linear models procedure as
implemented in the statistical package, Statistical Analysis System 8.2. Inbreeding coefficient
was calculated using the Multiple Trait Derivative Free Numerator Relationship Matrix
(MTDFNRM) programme of the Multiple Trait Derivative Free Restricted Maximum
Likelihood (MTDFREML) package. Genetic parameters of the growth traits were analyzed
using MDTFREML package. From these, the additive genetic variance (σ2
a), maternal
variance (σ2
m), error variances (σ2
e), phenotypic variance (σ2
p), covariance between additive
genetic and maternal variance (σam), correlation between additive genetic and maternal
variance (ram), and heritabilities were derived at convergence. Genetic correlation (rG)
between growth traits was also calculated. Preliminary analyses showed that all fixed effects
of calf month and year of birth, season, sex, herd and herd-year-season had a highly
significant (p < 0.0001) effects on all the growth traits studied while year of birth of sire was
significant (p < 0.05) for all the traits studied except for 30- and 36-MWT. In the Gudali
breed, cow age group was not significant (p > 0.05) for all traits except BWT, 3MWT,
4MWT, and 24MWT, which had highly significant (p < 0.01) effects. Also, in the Wakwa
breed, cow age group was not significant (p > 0.05) for all traits except BWT, 3MWT,
4MWT, and WWT. The average inbreeding coefficient obtained in this study ranged from 0
to 8%. Maternal variances for all traits studied were consistently lower than additive genetic
variance in both breeds of cattle. The covariance between direct and maternal components
was antagonistic in all traits studied.
The direct heritability (h2
a) estimates for BWT, 3MWT, 4MWT 6MWT, WWT, YWT,
18MWT, 24MWT, 30MWT, and 36MWT were 0.39, 0.24, 0.22, 0.10, 0.25, 0.21, 0.18, 0.25,
0.18 and 0.18 respectively for the Gudali cattle. On the other hand, the direct heritability (h2
a)
estimates of BWT, 3MWT, 4MWT 6MWT, WWT, YWT, 18MWT, 24MWT, 30MWT, and
36MWT were 0.41, 0.22, 0.17, 0.25, 0.21, 0.16, 0.15, 0.22, 0.34 and 0.33 respectively were
obtained for the Wakwa cattle. The direct heritability estimate of birth weight in Wakwa was
high (0.41). Moderate additive genetic heritability (h2
a) estimates were obtained for BWT
(0.39), 3MWT (0.24), 4MWT (0.22), WWT (0.24), YWT (0.21), 24MWT (0.25) in the
11
Gudali cattle. Medium h2
a were obtained for 3MWT (0.22), 6MWT (0.25), WWT (0.21),
24MWT (0.22), 30MWT (0.34), and 36MWT (0.33) in the Wakwa cattle. The lowly heritable
traits included 6MWT (0.10), 18MWT (0.18), 30 MWT (0.18) and 36MWT (0.18) for the
Gudali cattle, while for the Wakwa, they included 4MWT (0.17), YWT (0.16) and 18MWT
(0.15). The maternal heritability (h2
m) estimates were BWT (0.05), 3MWT (0.13), 4MWT
(0.15), 6MWT (0.07) WWT (0.11), YWT (0.10) 18MWT (0.05), 24MWT (0.09), 30MWT
(0.03), 36MWT (0.07) for Gudali cattle. Also, the maternal heritability for the Wakwa cattle
include: BWT (0.16), 3MWT (0.16), 4MWT (0.14), 6MWT (0.18) WWT (0.18), YWT
(0.13), 18MWT (0.14), 24MWT (0.03), 30MWT (0.05) and 36MWT (0.10). The maternal
heritability for performance traits in both breeds falls between lowly heritable and medium
heritable traits. The moderate to high values of heritabilities indicated that selection for
growth traits was effective in spite of the antagonism association between direct and maternal
effects. The additive direct genetic correlations between some of the growth parameters were
positive and high (0.50 – 0.99). The same pattern was observed for maternal genetic
correlations among traits (0.53 – 0.99), though some had negative genetic correlations (BWT
and EMWT (-0.80); BWT and 36MWT (-0.79). Direct genetic correlations between BWT
and WWT; BWT and YWT; BWT and 18MWT; BWT and 36MWT; WWT and YWT;
WWT and 18MWT; WWT and 36MWT; YWT and 18MWT; YWT and 36MWT and
18MWT and 36MWT were 0.53, 0.39, -0.66, -0.21, 0.88, 0.87, 0.70, 0.70, 0.60 and 0.50 for
the Gudali cattle. The direct genetic correlations between the same traits in the Wakwa cattle
were 0.79, 0.52, -0.50, -0.31, 0.95, 0.79, 0.69, 0.93, 0.60, and 0.49 respectively. The maternal
genetic correlations between the same traits for Gudali cattle were 0.72, 0.39, -0.81, -0.89,
1.00, 0.99, 0.97, 0.60, 0.70; and 0.50; 0.62, 0.32, -0.80, -0.79, 0.75, 0.99, 0.99, 0.50, 0.60 and
0.53 for Wakwa cattle. The positive and high values reported for the additive genetic and
maternal correlations between the growth parameters indicate that selection for one trait
would result in genetic improvement in the other trait. On the whole, the level of performance
of the two breeds of cattle comes close to that reported in literature for beef cattle. The
estimates of genetic parameters as well as information obtained on effects of the various
factors should be of use in designing breeding programmes for the herds studied.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ……………………………………………….………………………………,,…… i
Certification……………………………….…………………….……………..………………. ii
Dedication …………………………………………………………………….………….….. iii
Acknowledgement……..…………………………………………………..……..………. ….v
Table of Content…..…………………………………………………………… ……..……vii
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………..viii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………..ix
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….x-xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1: Introduction …………….….……………………………………………………. …1-9
1.2: Objective of Study………………………………………………………………… …..4
1.3 Justification …………………………….…………………………………..……….4-6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 World’s Population of Cattle ……………………………………………….……10-12
2.2 Origin and History of the Breeds …………………………………………….…11-12
2.3 Breed Description …………………………………………………………………..13
2.4 Environmental (non-genetic) factors affecting growth traits. ……………………15-17
2.5 Inbreeding and Its Effect on Growth Traits ………………………………………17-21
2.6 Co (Variance) Components and Genetic Parameters for Growth Traits …………21-24
2.6.1 Variances components for growth traits………………………………………….21-23
2.6.2 Covariance components between direct and maternal effect for growth traits……23-24
2.6.3 Correlations between direct and maternal (ram) effects on growth traits…………24-26
2.7 Heritability Estimates for Growth Traits……………..…………………………..26-35
2.8 Genetic correlations between growth traits…………..…………………………..35-39
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 The Study Area …………………………………………………………………….40-41
3.2 Foundation Animals …………………………………………………………………..41
3.3 Breeding Programme (Selection and mating) ……………………………………….43
7
3.4 Management of the Herd ……………………………………………………………..43
3.4.1 Calf Management …………………………………………………………………..43-44
3.4.2 Health Management ……………………………………………………………………44
3.4.3 Feeding Management ………………………………………………………………….44
3.5 Source of Data, Data Collection and Editing. ……………………………………44-45
3.5.1 Source of Data ……………………………………………………………………….44-45
3.5.2 Data Collection. …………………………………………………………………………45
3.5.3 Data editing ………………………………………………………………………….45-46
3.6 Statistical Analysis …………………………………………………………………46-47
3.7 Genetic Analysis ……………………………………………………………………47-50
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Basic statistics ……………………………………………………………………………54
4.2 Factors which affect growth performance of Gudali and Wakwa calves ………..55-66
4. 3 Results of inbreeding …………………………………………………………….64-66
4.4 Variance- covariance components………………………………………………..67-70
4.5 Heritability estimates in the Gudali and Wakwa cattle …………………………..72-82
4.7 Genetic correlations between growth traits. ………………………………………83-90
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………..91-94
5.1 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………………………
References……………………………………………………………………………………………………95-121
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………..122-178
8
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Introduction.
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors in the economy of many developing
countries where it provides survival mechanism for up to 80% of the population (Cupps,
2007). It plays a central role in the rural economy of the developing nations (Omage et al.,
2007). The food crisis that has engulfed Africa and the developing countries requires a more
concerted effort. Major food sources in the developing countries are almost entirely starchy
foods such as tubers, roots, and cereal crops. These obviously do not and cannot satisfy the
protein needs of the populace. Protein intake and particularly animal protein consumption is
generally grossly below the recommended rate (Omage et al., 2007). The British Medical
Association recommended a minimum daily intake of 34.4g of animal protein per adult per
day. Unfortunately most developing countries, consumption is at 7.5g of animal protein as
against 28g consumed by an average Briton (Wines, 2009).
Over 800 million people worldwide suffer from malnutrition and hunger either
because of low food production and unequal distribution and also because the people are too
poor and therefore lack the income to acquire adequate quantities and qualities of food
(Bayemi et al., 2005; Palitza, 2009). This is true of the people of Africa who consume foods
that consist mainly of starch and oil (Redmond, 2009). Cattle production offers an avenue for
rapid transformation in animal protein, because beef enjoys wide acceptability in the world
(Zahraddeen et al., 2007). Cattle also contribute to subsistence, nutrition, income generation,
social and cultural functions. However, their main products remain meat, milk, hides, manure
and traction. Beef and milk consumption have grown more than 5% per year and are
projected to grow even faster until 2020 (Cupps, 2007).
The expanding demand for cattle products is the result of a combination of high
income growth, population growth, urbanisation and the diversification of the diets in
developing countries away from very high levels of starchy staples to protein (Nwosu, 2002).
It is for these reasons that most African countries have embarked on breed evaluation which
could lead to an increase in livestock production. An important component of successful
planning of future breeding schemes is from documentation of progress from past selection.
13
However, few of such documentations have been conducted for cattle breeds, especially in
Africa, largely because of their long generation interval (Abdullah and Olutogun, 2006).
Cattle constitute an important part of the livestock sector in Cameroon. The country is
also endowed with the resources for the production of animal feed all the year round,
especially as forage, crops residuals and weeds are readily available. Cattle are important in
Cameroon in several ways depending on the ethnic group and the culture of the people. They
serve as an important source of income, animal proteins; skins are used in industry to produce
wears, bags and other household furniture (Redmond, 2009). Therefore increasing cattle
production would not only improve the diet of Cameroonians but could create surpluses for
export. The new scenario of the Cameroonian beef industry, inserted in the new order of a
global world economy, induces the cattle producers to search for more productive breeds.
They generally resort to uncontrolled crossbreeding as a means to rapidly improve on the
live-weight. Though crossbreeding has been widely proposed for improvement of cattle
breeds in the tropics, the consequences could be disastrous if not properly handled (Ferraz et
al., 2006). This has been the case with the Gudali cattle of Adamawa, Cameroon which has
along the years suffered from uncontrolled crossbreeding with the white and red Zebu breeds.
In Adamawa region, Cameroon, the local Gudali is the predorminant breed and it
constitutes about 19% of total cattle production in Cameroon (Ngaoundere Gudali 15% and
Banyo Gudali 4%) and remains the most popular, especially in smallholder sector of the
Adamawa (Tawah et al., 1993). The Gudali (Figure 1) is a short-horned Zebu cattle found
within the West and Central African region. It is of good temperament; excellent beef
production potential; and can produce and reproduce optimally under the prevailing
conditions of the tropical environment without much additional inputs (Ebangi, 1999). They
are docile, and have great temperaments; in addition, they are quite hardy. It is medium to
large sized and slow maturing compared with many other cattle breeds (Tawah and Mbah
1989).
Attempts were therefore made at Institute of Agricultural Research for Development
(IARD) of Cameroon to crossbreed the Brahman with the local Gudali to improve on the
growth traits of the local Gudali. The Brahman bulls (Figure 2) were crossed with the local
Gudali cows to produce the first filial generation called “Prewakwa”. It was inter se mated to
produce a two-breed synthetic beef breed, the Wakwa (Figure 3). Wakwa is characterized by
a variety of coat colours. At maturity, males and females weigh about 512 and 426 kg,
characterized by a variety of coat colours. It has a broad but slightly convex face, long but
14
drooping ears, short but broad-based horns an oval hump and a straight but broad back
(Ebangi, 1999).
Genetic improvement of any breed within a given environment will depend on
identifying the major environmental constraints to performance, devising means of
alleviating or controlling them and then evaluating the breed for its adaptability to cope with
constraints that can not be readily controlled. Knowledge of non-genetic influences on the
performance of farm animals is therefore very important when planning breeding
programmes aimed at improving productivity and in the development of other breeding
policies.
Improvement of live-weight traits is an increasingly important breeding goal in beef
cattle and other livestock production systems (Peters et al., 1998). The change in the mean of
a trait during a few initial cycles of a directional selection imposed on a population is among
the most reliable criteria for estimating the exploitable amount of genetic variation in a given
genetic population. Therefore, knowledge of the genetic parameters, magnitude and direction
of genetic correlations of certain major metric traits of economic importance in a selection
program are needed. This will be necessary in the optimization and prediction of genetic
progress from a selection program.
Estimation of variance components is always an important tool in developing animal
breeding programs. Estimates of variance components must be accurate since error variance
for predicted breeding values increases as differences between estimated and true value of
variance components increase (El-said et al., 2005). Heritabilities and genetic correlations
estimates are essential parameters required in livestock breeding research as well as in the
design and application of practical animal breeding programmes. In applying genetic
concepts to animal breeding, heritability is a fundamental population parameter since it
largely determines the prospect for changing a population by selection. Therefore, correct
knowledge of heritability will help to predict breeding value of the animals hence their proper
selection for further improvement programme.
Many economically important traits such as growth traits have some form of
relationship where a change in the value of one is accompanied by a change in the value of
the other. This is the concept of genetic correlation. Initial growths of calf, especially in
suckling period, are affected not only by direct additive genetic but also by maternal additive
genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. Therefore, particularly, if there is a
negative correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects, both effects should be taken
15
into account in selection processes to achieve optimum genetic progress (Dezfuli and
Mashayekhi, 2009).
In conclusion, study of environmental factors, estimates of heritability, correlation
between growth traits and the level of inbreeding, provide vital information for beef cattle
breeding programmes. Such information will be useful for genetic improvement and
attainment of higher levels of performance.
Over the years the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IARD),
Wakwa Station, Cameroon accumulated records on the growth performance of Gudali and
Wakwa beef cattle, some of which have not been comprehensively exploited. The present
study was to evaluate genetically the growth traits using data collected from 1968 and 1988
from the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IARD), Wakwa Station.
1.2 Objectives of the Study.
The objectives of this study were to:
1. Study the non-genetic (environmental) factors that affect growth traits in the Gudali and
Wakwa cattle.
2. Study the level of inbreeding in the Gudali and Wakwa beef cattle population.
3. Estimate (Co) variance components of growth traits in Gudali and Wakwa beef cattle.
4. Estimate heritabilities for growth traits in both breeds.
5. Estimate genetic correlations between direct and maternal (ram) effects on growth
performance traits.
6. Estimate genetic correlations among growth traits in both breeds of cattle.
1.3 Justification
The phenotypic performance is the result of an animal’s true genetic capability plus its
specific ability to cope with the environmental stresses. It is important to understand the
effects of genotype and environment on the performance traits of a population. Data on
growth performance will provide the basis for evaluating the merits of the breed. Estimates of
environmental and adjustment factors are not only necessary for planning future breeding
strategies but would enable selection programme to be carried out more accurately in Gudali
and Wakwa breed herds. Despite the important role of the environment in beef cattle
production in Cameroon, studies on environmental factors are rare in literature. Tawah et al.
(1993) examined factors affecting preweaning growth performance of Gudali and Wakwa
cattle using the Least Square approach. Ebangi et al. (2002a) examined factors affecting
16
preweaning and post-weaning growth traits using mixed model procedure. However, these
authors used only portion of the data from both breeds. There is need to study these factors
affecting growth traits for the remaining selection data for the two breeds.
Inbreeding exists in some degree in all populations (Pico et al., 2004). This
phenomenon is well documented in all major livestock, for example, effects in beef cattle
have been reviewed by Burrow (1993). Diverse studies suggest that the level of inbreeding
may vary amongst populations. Although inbreeding could compromise the immediate
performance and survival of the population, it also exposes the deleterious genes to the action
of selection. Taking the above into account, any genetic evaluation should consider the rate of
inbreeding and its consequence on the mean phenotypic performance of the animals (Analla
et al., 1999).
No improvement is possible for a trait if there is no variation (Nwosu, 2002).
Phenotypic, environmental and genetic variances are important materials for selection and in
the improvement of farm animals. Although maintaining reproductive efficiency in the herd
should be of particular concern, increasing growth potential is very important to meet output
from the production system. Of interest are genetic parameters that describe permanent
changes in growth traits with time. Adequate knowledge and effective use of genetic
variations are important in the improvement of economic characteristics in beef cattle through
breeding. Accurate estimate of these parameters for traits of economic importance are
needed:
in formulating effective and efficient breeding plans,
in estimating genetic gains expected under mass selection as to identify problems and
handicaps to be expected for necessary actions,
in calculating breeding values,
in determining the magnitude and direction of selection progress and
in constructing selection indices (Nwakalor, 1975).
Many economically important beef traits such as growth traits have some form of relationship
where a change in the value of one is accompanied by a change in the value of the other. This
is the concept of genetic correlation. Pico (2005) reported that it would be useful to know the
empirical relationships (additive genetic and maternal correlations) of growth trait in a
population. Knowledge of genetic correlation among traits will help in the prediction of
correlated responses and in the prediction of the breeding value of the animal for such traits
17
considered. Besides, genetic correlations are of greatest interest to breeders because they can
indicate how things are likely to change in the next generation. Therefore, correlation
estimates between traits reflect both the amount and direction of association between the
traits that help in the designing of programmes for cattle improvement.
Past efforts of genetic studies in beef cattle have been confined mostly to small, single
herd populations (Abdullah and Olutogun, 2006). However, in recent years more emphasis
has been given to performance and progeny testing in beef herds in America and Australia
(Meyer, 2005). While so much has been reported on genetic studies in the developed
countries, it is however sad that little information is available on genetic studies of our
indigenous beef breeds in the tropics. Indeed, after decades of neglect, local breeds are now
considered as a source of useful variation (Nwosu, 2002). There is therefore, the need for the
investigation of our indigenous stock genetically.
18
Figure 1: Ngaoundere Gudali cow
Source: Institute for Agricultural Research for Development
19
Figure 2: Brahman cattle
Source: American Brahman Breeders Association, Houston, TX
Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation, 2000.
Oklahoma State University Board of Regents, 3rd Edition
20
Figure 3: Wakwa cattle
Source: Institute for Agricultural Research for Development
Do you need help? Talk to us right now: (+234) 08060082010, 08107932631 (Call/WhatsApp). Email: [email protected].
IF YOU CAN'T FIND YOUR TOPIC, CLICK HERE TO HIRE A WRITER»
