ABSTRACT
This study on the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond
(ISHJEWSP) is aimed at determining the effect of variations in solar radiation, hydraulic jump,
hydro-kinematic factors and pond geometry, on the treatment efficiency of wastewater in the
ISHJEWSP. An equation to account for these effects was derived, calibrated and verified. An
empirical regression model for the prediction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in the
ISHJEWSP for sewage treatment was also developed. Three sets of experimental ponds with varying
locations of slopes were constructed using metallic tanks with each set consisting of eight numbers
of ponds with varying width. Also, solar reflectors were constructed to increase the incident sunlight
intensity. Wastewater samples collected from the inlet and outlet for varying inlet velocities of the
ISHJEWSPs were examined for physicochemical and biological characteristics for a period of nine
months. The parameters examined were temperature, pH, detention time, dissolved oxygen, total
coliform count, total suspended solids, E-coli, algae concentration, BOD5 and tracers studies. The
efficiencies of the ISHJEWSPs with respect to these parameters fluctuated with variations in solar
radiation, width, inlet velocity and location of point of initiation of hydraulic jump with the smallest
ISHJEWSP in width giving the highest treatment efficiency at higher intensities of solar radiation. It
was generally observed that the treatment efficiencies of the ISHJEWSPs increased as the location of
the point of initiation of the hydraulic jump decreased relative to the inlet and with increase in inlet
velocity for all sets studied though with precedence to solar radiation and temperature. A comparison
of the conventional WSP and the ISHJEWSP showed that the bacteria removal was significantly
higher in the ISHJEWSP than the conventional pond at a significance level of 5%. The verification
of the conventional model gave a good average coefficient of correlation of R = 0.800 (0.713 to
0.891) between the measured and calculated Ne/No with an average standard error of 0.173 (0.157 to
0.224) and average R = 0.924(0.858 to 0.965) and average standard error of 0.034 (0.010 to 0.060)
for the ISHJEWSP, respectively. An empirical model was developed to predict the BOD5 in the
ISHJEWSP based on the independent variables of pH, temperature, algae concentration, dissolved
oxygen, inlet velocity, location of point of initiation of hydraulic jump, angle of inclination causing
hydraulic jump and intensity of solar radiation. The empirical regression model developed gave a
good multiple regression coefficient of correlation of 0.938 with a standard error of 5.224 at a
significance level of 10%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………………i
CERTIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………..ii
APPROVAL PAGE….………………………………………………………………….…………iii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.……………………………..……………………………………….v
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………..vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………..viii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………….…xii
LIST OF FIGURES……………..……………………………………………………………….xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY…………………………………………………………..…1
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH………………………………………………………..3
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………….3
1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE ……………………………………………………………………..4
1.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS……………………………………………………………..4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF WASTE STABILIZATION POND…………….…………………..….5
2.2 WASTE STABILIZATION POND PROCESSES……………………………………….6
2.3 TYPES OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS…………….…………………………..7
2.3.1 Anaerobic ponds…………………………………..………………………………………8
2.3.2 Facultative Ponds………………………………………………………………………….9
2.3.3 Maturation Pond…………………………………………..………………………………11
2.3.4 High Rate Agal Pond……………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.3.5 Microphyte Pond……………………………………………………..……………….….12
2.3.6 Other Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……12
2.4 POND PARAMETERS DETERMINATION……………………………………………13
2.4.1 Tracer Studies ……………………………………………………………………………13
2.4.2 Velocity Measurement……………………………………………………………………14
2.5 EFFECTS OF DISPERSION NUMBER ON WASTE STABILIZATION POND….…15
2.6 GEOMETRICAL FACTORS AFFECTING DISPERSION NUMBER………………..15
2.6.1 Inlet and Outlet Structures……………………………………………………………….16
2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING WASTE
STABILIZATION PONDS………………………………………………………………………………….16
2.7.1 Temperature………………………………………………………………………………17
2.7.2 Solar Radiation……………………………………………………………………..…….17
2.7.3 Mixing……………………………………………………………………………………18
2.8 OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTE
STABILIZATION PONDS……………………………………………………………………19
2.8.1 Pond Position…………………………………………………………………………….19
2.8.2 Solar Azimuth Angle……………………………………………………………….……19
2.8.3 Solar Altitude Angle………………………………….…………………………….……19
2.8.4 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)………………………………………………………20
2.9 THE KINETIC MODELS OF BACTERIA DIE-OFF…………….……………………20
2.10 EFFLUENT STANDARDS……………………………………………………….….…22
2.11 WASTE STABILIZATION POND MODELS…………………………………….……22
2.12 INTEGRATED SOLAR AND HYDRAULIC JUMP ENHANCED WASTE
STABILIZATION POND…………………………………………………………….…25
2.13 DESIGN OF THE INTEGRATED SOLAR AND HYDRAULIC JUMP
ENHANCED WASTE STABILIZATION POND……………………..………………..….26
2.13.1 Hydraulic Jump Consideration…………………………………………………………..26
2.13.2 Solar Reflector Consideration……………………………………………………………28
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA…………………….…………………………………………………….31
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND SETUP……….…………………………32
3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION……………………………………………………………….36
3.4 DATA COLLECTION…………………………………………………………….…….36
3.5 LABORATORY METHODS……………………………………………………….……37
3.5.1 Total Coliform Count Test……………………………………….……………………….37
3.5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand……………………………….…………………………..37
3.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen………………………………………………………………………..38
3.5.4 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)……………………………………………………………38
3.5.5 E- Coli……………………………………………………………………………………39
3.5.6 Algae Concentration……………………….…………………………………………………..39
3.5.7 pH…………………………………………………………………………………….….39
3.5.8 Tracer Studies………………………………………………………………………..…..40
3.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS…………………………………………………….……….40
3.7 FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE
MODEL OF THE ISHJEWSP…………………………………………………………….40
3.8 FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMPIRICAL REGRESSION MODEL
FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND IN THE ISHJEWSP…………………………………………………………………………..43
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 EFFECT OF POND WIDTH ON TREATMENT EFFICIENCY…………………………45
4.1.1 Temperature…………………………………………………………………….…………45
4.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen…………………………………..……………………………………45
4.1.3 pH………………………………………………………………………………………..46
4.1.4 Algae Concentration…………………………………………………………………..……47
4.1.5 Total Coliform Count……………………………………………………………………48
4.1.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand…………………………………………………………….49
4.1.7 Total Suspended solids……………………………………………………………………49
4.1.8 E-Coli……………………………………………………………………………………..50
4.2 EFFECT OF INLET VELOCITY ON TREATMENT EFFICIENCY………………….87
4.3 EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON TREATMENT EFFICIENCY……………….93
4.4 EFFECT OF LOCATION OF POINT OF INITIATION OF
HYDRAULIC JUMP……………………………………………………………………………………..…105
4.5 EMPIRICAL REGRESSION MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF
THEBIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN THE INTEGRATED
SOLAR AND HYDRAULIC JUMP ENHANCED WASTE STABILIZATION
POND FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT……………………………………………..………110
4.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CONVENTIONAL POND (POND A)
AND THE ISHJEWSP (POND D)……………………………………………………..……111
4.6.1 Model Calibration……………………….………………..…………………………….111
4.7 EFFECT OF DETENTION TIME ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
THE ISHJEWSP…………………………………….……….………………………….112
4.8 VERIFICATION OF MODELS……………………………………..…………………115
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………120
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………..……………….121
REFERENCES……………………………………………..…………………………………..123
APPENDICES.………………………………………………………..…………………………..…………132
CHAPTER ONE
Do you need help? Talk to us right now: (+234) 08060082010, 08107932631 (Call/WhatsApp). Email: [email protected].INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
An integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) is
introduced as a new technology that incorporates solar reflector and the introduction of hydraulic
jump through change in pond bed slope of the conventional waste stabilization pond. The essence is
for the purpose of increasing the treatment efficiency of waste stabilization ponds and thereby
reducing the large land area requirement of waste stabilization ponds.
One of the basic objectives of science and engineering has been to utilize all the available
natural resources, in order to improve man’s standard of living. However, anthropogenic activities
have continually resulted in the contaminations of these resources and the environment.
Contaminated water causes an estimated 6 to 60 billion cases of gastrointestinal illness annually. The
majority of these cases occur in rural areas of developing nations where the water supply remains
polluted and adequate sanitation is unavailable (Caslake et al., 2004). Therefore, treated wastewater
of domestic origin is now being considered and used in many countries throughout the world as an
additional renewable and reliable source of water which can be used for various purposes
(Anglelakis et al., 2003; Oron, 2003). Treated wastewater reuse makes a contribution to water
conservation and expansion of irrigated agriculture, taking on an economic dimension. It also solves
disposal problems aimed at protecting the environment and public health and prevent surface water
pollution (Papadopoulos and Savvides, 2003). The benefits and the potential health and
environmental risks resulting from wastewater reuse and the management measures aimed at using
wastewater within acceptable levels of risk to public health and the environment are well
documented (Asano and Levine, 1996; Marcos do Monte et al., 1996). Therefore, wastewater reuse
requires effective treatment and measure to protect public health and the environment at a feasible
cost (Sipala et al., 2003; Anderson et al., 2001).
Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are very effective in the removal of faecal coliform bacteria
(Kayombo et al., 2005). It consists of a large, shallow earthen basin in which wastewater is retained
long enough for natural purification processes to provide the necessary degree of treatment. Its
efficiency depends on the availability of sunlight and high ambient temperature which are the
prevailing climate conditions in most African communities (Agunwamba, 2001a).
Solar radiation is becoming increasingly appreciated because of its influence on living matter
and the feasibility of its application for useful purposes. It is a perpetual source of energy, along with
other forms of renewable energy, has great potential for wide variety of application because it is
abundant and accessible (Acra et al., 1990; Medugu et al., 2010). The bacteria inactivity rate in a
contaminated water sample is proportional to the intensity of sunlight and atmospheric temperature
and inversely proportional to the water depth (Acher et al., 1997).
A Hydraulic jump occurs when liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower
velocity, a rather abrupt rise (a step or standing wave) occurs in the liquid surface. The occurrence of
hydraulic jump results in the increase in dissolved oxygen thus increased rate of microbial activities
in the pond thereby increasing the pond performance.
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM
The conventional waste stabilization pond does not give a satisfactory efficiency of
treatment. Large land area is usually required in order to obtain a high degree of treatment efficiency.
Also, the problem of land availability is not left out. It is therefore necessary to conduct a research to
determine a means of increasing the efficiency of treatment without increasing the land area
requirement.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
There is presently widespread interest with regards to the handling and treatment of
wastewater because of the effects of environmental pollution and health hazard on receiving streams
and other needs in certain areas. The study of the ISHJEWSP is expected to mitigate if not eradicate
some environmental hazards related to wastewater like odour and pollution. If this is achieved, it will
widen the applicability and popularity of the waste stabilization pond.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to use the ISHJEWSP to increase the efficiency of
treatment of the waste stabilization pond without increasing the surface area requirement.
Hence, the specific objectives of this study are summarized thus:
i To determine the effect of increase in solar radiation on treatment efficiency of wastewater in
the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP).
ii To investigate the effect of change in width on the ISHJEWSP.
iii To investigate the effect of change in the inlet velocity (inlet discharge) on the efficiency
of the ISHJEWSP.
iv To investigate the effect of change in location of the point of initiation of hydraulic
jump on the efficiency of the ISHJEWSP.
v To derive, calibrate and verify a new model for the prediction of the performance of the
ISHJEWSP and compare with existing conventional model and
vi To develop a regression model for the prediction of biochemical oxygen demand in the
ISHJEWSPs for sewage treatment.
1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE
The research is centered on the improvement of the efficiency of the integrated solar and
hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond with reference to the University of Nigeria,
Nsukka treatment plant.
1.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
The integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond is fairly a new
area in wastewater treatment and therefore, affected the number of citations of empirical literatures.
Also, the research is highly capital intensive.
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