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ABSTRACT

 

Trials were conducted to determine the nutrient profile of hydroponic white kaura sorghum sprouts as compared to the grains and the performance of Red Sokoto goats fed the experimental diets. The measurement of the animal response at experimental level was performed in order to test the hypothesis that sprouting gives rise to hydroponic sprouts that give higher animal performance. In the first part of the experiment, white kaura sorghum was sprouted hydroponically for 7 days duration. Daily sampling of the sprouts was done to determine the dry matter (DM) concentration and also to determine the nutrient concentration on day 7 in comparison to the unsprouted grain. The result shows a 24.6% loss (P<0.05) in DM from the seed after sprouting for a period of 7 days. The CP, ash and lipid (4.9, 1.12, 2.15%) respectively, were higher (P<0.05) in concentration in sorghum sprouts than in the sorghum grains on a DM basis. This was considered to be a reflection of a loss in DM after sprouting, causing a change or shift in concentration of these nutrients. The level of vitamin A, C and E (10.00, 12.10, and 0.45) respectively, were higher (P<0.05) in concentration for the sprouts than the grains. The level of Nitrogen intake, Nitrogen absorbed and total nitrogen loss (24.24, 19.43 and 4.82) were lower (P>0.05) in sprouted when compared to the grains. The second phase of the experiment involved feeding of hydroponic white kaura sorghum sprouts and the grains to Red Sokoto goats. Ten Red Sokoto goats were randomly allocated to the two experimental diets in a completely Randomized Design. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in nutrient digestibility in grains compared with hydroponic sorghum sprouts. The level of crude fibre, ether extract and organic matter were (26.10, 6.18, and 44.73) respectively, were also higher (P<0.05) for the diet containing sprouted fodder when compared to the control diets, therefore there is advantage of fodder over the control diet. The level of Nitrogen ammonia (NH3-N), Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and the pH were significantly higher P<0.05 for the animals fed sprouted fodder diet when compared to the control diet (33.29, 20.91, and 6.50) respectively. It was then concluded that the 24.6% loss of DM followed 7 days of sprouting, however, did not allow the animals the chance to utilize such energy for useful purposes.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration…………………………………………………………………………….i Certification………………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….…iv Abstract………………………………………………………………………………v Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….………vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Plates…………………………………..…………………….………………viii List of Figures…………………………………..……………………………………ix CHAPTER ONE Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Justification……………………………………………………………………………………………..4 1.2 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………………………..5 1.3 Hypotheses………………………….……………………………………………5 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………… 6 2.1 Origin and Distribution of Sorghum…………………………………………….6 2.2 Production Trends……………………………………………………………….8 2.3 Varieties of sorghum……………………………………………………………..9 2.4 Distribution and Habitat…………………………………………………………11 2.5 Growing Sorghum Bicolor………………………………………………………12
2.6 Cultivation of Sorghum in Nigeria…………………………………..…………12
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2.7 Adaptation to Environmental Condition……………………………………….13 2.8.0 Environmental impact………………………………………………………………………….13 2.8.1 Water efficiency and salt-tolerance………..………………………………….13 2.8.2 Toxic soil reclamation………………….…………………………………….14 2.8.3 Cover crop and soil improver……………….……………………………..…14 2.8.4 Weed and pest control…………………………………………………….…15 2.8.5 Crop support……………………………………………………..……..…….15 2.8.6 Regeneration of native pastures………………………………………………15 2.9 Sorghum Breeding & Selection…………………………………………………………………15 2.10 Harvesting……………………………………………………………………………………………16 2.11 Sorghum Processing & Utilization………………………….…………………16 2.11.1 Processing method………………………………….………………………………16 2.11.2 Utilization of sorghum……………………………………………………………..17 2.11.3 Use of sorghum as fodder……………………………………..…………………….18 2.12 Properties of sorghum grains…………………………………………………………………..20 2.13 Nutritional profile of Sorghum bicolor………………………………………….24 2.14 Sprouting and hydroponic fodder production………………………………………26
2.15 Treatment of sorghum seed for sprouting….…………………………………….…28
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2.16 The sprouting process………………………………………..…………………………29 2.17 Benefits of Sprouted Fodder……………………………………………….………….30 2.18 Things to consider before investing in sprout production…………….……….31 2.19 Labor Required………………………………………..…………………………….31 2.20 Dry matter changes with sprouting……………………………………………31 2.21 Seed soaking and germination……………………………………………….32 2.22 Mineral uptake of sorghum……………………………….……………………..…….33 2.23 Photosynthesis…………………….………………………………………….33 2.24 Nutrient quality of sorghum grain and sprouts…….……………………………34 2.25 Nutrient changes with sprouting grain…………………………………………35 2. 26 Nutritive Value of sorghum Fodder……………..………………………………38 2.27 Changes in anti-nutritional factors……………………………………………39 2.28. Animal Performance on Hydroponic Fodder…………………………………40 2.29 Summary of Nutritional Benefits upon Sprouting………………………….…45 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………46 3.1 Experimental site……………………………………………………………….46 3.3 Grains preparation………………………………………………………………46 3.2 Experimental design and management…………………………………………47 3.4 Digestibility and nitrogen balance study………………………………………48 3.5 Measurement of serum and rumen metabolites…..……………………….……48
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3.6 Determination of vitamin………………………………………………………………………….49 3.7 Laboratory analysis…………………………………………………………..…50 3.8 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………50 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………….………52 4.1Fresh weight and Dry matter changes in sprouts………………………………..52 4.2 Nutrient profile of hydroponic white kaura sorghum sprouts and grain………..55 4.3 Vitamin profile of sorghum grains and sprouts……………………..…………….…61 4.4 Nutrient digestibility of Red Sokoto goats …………………………………………………63 4.5 Effect of feeding sorghum grains and sprouts on Performance of Red Sokoto goats …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..65 4.6: Effect of sorghum sprouts and sorghum grains on rumen pH, Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen and serum metabolit………………………..67 4.7 Nitrogen balance of Red Sokoto goat fed sorghum grain and sprouts……………………………………………………………………………………………………….73 4.8 Economic analysis of feeding sorghum sprouts and grains to Red Sokoto oats.77 5.1 Summary and conclusion…………………………………………………………………………79 5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………….79 REFERENCES…………………….……………………………………………………..…80

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION Sorghum sprout as non-conventional feedstuff is relatively new in the feed industry. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), locally called guinea-corn, is the most extensively grown cereal grain in the country after maize (Aba et al., 2004).The crop is environmentally friendly as it is water efficient, requires little or no fertilizer or pesticides and is biodegradable (Dogget,1989). In the savanna and semi-arid regions of Nigeria, millions of people consume sorghum in their daily diets as food (Obilana, 2005). This food is high in energy, and is therefore recommended for the infant, pregnant and lactating mothers (Obilana, 2005). Sorghum is also used as raw material for lager beer brewing (Aisien and Muts, 1987). About 50% of the total land area devoted to cereal crops in Nigeria is occupied by sorghum. The area is estimated at 6.86 million hectares and extends north-wards from latitude 80N to latitude 140N (Aba et al., 2004). The total sorghum production in Nigeria is estimated at 4.8 million tons (Obilana, 2005). Consequently, Nigeria has become the highest sorghum producer in West African sub- region, accounting for 71% of the regional total sorghum output. Globally the country leads in sorghum production for human consumption and has risen from fifth position in 1995 (FAO, 1995) to the third largest producer of sorghum in the world, after USA and India, where more than 90% of their sorghum harvested is used for animal feeds (Obilana, 2005).
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Sorghum sprouting has a lot of prospect as a feeding stuff in livestock industry. It is currently being turned out in large quantities by breweries, food and allied industries. Ikediobi (1989) reported that sorghum sprout have increases nutritive values and increased level of lysine, methionine and tryptophan, when compared to unsprouted seeds. There are a range of chemical and structural changes that take place within the cereal grain through the hydroponic growing process. Activation of enzymes within the grain leads to hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids into their simpler components (Sneath and McIntosh, 2003). Chavan and Kadam (1989) stated that, sprouting grains causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvements in the contents of total proteins, fat, certain essential amino acids, total sugars, B-group vitamins, and a decrease in dry matter, starch and anti-nutrients. The increased contents of protein, fat, fiber and total ash are only apparent and attributable to the disappearance of starch. However, improvements in amino acid composition, B-group vitamins, sugars, protein and starch digestibility and decrease in` phytates and protease inhibitors are the metabolic effects of sprouting process. Shipard (2005) stated that, the metabolic activity of resting seeds increases as soon as they are hydrated during soaking. Complex biochemical changes occur during hydration and subsequent sprouting. The reserve chemical constituents, such as protein, starch and lipids, are broken down by enzymes into simple compounds that are used to make new compounds (Sneath and McIntosh, 2003).
Research on hydroponically sprouted sorghum has shown an increase in fresh weight over the sprouting duration as well as change in dry matter (Peer and
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Leeson, 1985; Trubey et al., 1969). The gain in fresh weight has been mainly attributed to imbibitions of water constituting up to 80-90% of the fresh weight (Dung et al., 2010). Change in dry matter occurs as a result of enzymatic activities as well as in dry matters losses (Salunkhe et al., 1984; Sneath and McIntosh, 2003). The enzymes also cause the inter-conversions of these simple components leading to increase in quality of amino acids as well as increase in concentrations of vitamins (Plaza et al., 2003). Early research on hydroponic sprout reported the presence of a grass juice factor that improved livestock performance (Elvehjenet et al., 1934). More recent research has also indicated that hydroponic sprouts are a rich source of nutrient and they contain the grass juice factor that gives an improved performance to livestock (Nutrigrass, 2007).
Research on increased performance for both ruminants and monogastric animals has been reported (Finney, 1982).Workers using cattle, also reported an improvement in performance due to the feeding of hydroponic grain sprouts when compared to the original grains (Tudor et al., 2003). Some reports however showed there was no advantage with regards to animal performance when supplementary feeding of hydroponic grain sprouts was done (Tudor et al., 2003). There are a range of chemical and structural changes that take place within the cereal grain through the hydroponic growing process. Activation of enzymes within the grain leads to hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids into their simpler components (Dung et al., 2010). This hydrolysis increases the concentrations of amino acids, soluble sugars and fatty acids within the grain and resulting shoot (Chavan and kadam, 1989).
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1.1 Justification In Nigeria, there is little information on sorghum sprouts as a feed for goats. most reports on sorghum sprouts as a feed for goats emanated from research institute and universities. Studies carried out on sorghum sprout are few. Information from the research was good alternative to the conventional method of improved feed based on performance records, and it would also improve our knowledge of feeding goats with sorghum sprouts. Finney (1982) showed that hydroponic sprouts are a good source of nutrients, contains a grass juice factor that leads to improved animal performance. Fazaeli et al. (2011) found no significant difference in live weight gain or feed conversion efficiency between a fodder diet and a control diet, consisting of barley grain. Tudor et al. (2003) have found that steers supplemented with hydroponic barley sprouts performed higher than expected. Sneath and McIntosh (2003) stated that hydroponic sprouts may have profitable application in intensive, small-scale livestock situations with high value outputs, where land and alternative feed costs are high, and where the quality changes (for example, less starch, more lysine, vitamins, protein, amino acid), due to sprouting are advantageous to the livestock.
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1.2 Objectives of the study This study was designed to achieve the following objectives To compare the nutrient profile of hydroponic white kaura sorghum sprouts and sorghum grains. To compare the performance of Red Sokoto goats fed diet containing sorghum grains and sorghum sprouts.
1.3 Hypotheses Ho1: Feeding concentrate diets containing sorghum sprouts and grains have no effect on growth and nutrient digestibility in Red Sokoto goats HA1: Feeding concentrate diets containing sorghum sprouts and grains meal have effect on growth and nutrient digestibility in Red Sokoto goats Ho2: The sequence of feeding white kaura sorghum sprouts will increase performance HA2: The sequence of feeding white kaura sorghum sprouts will not increase performance.
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