Political Violence and Electoral Administration in Nigeria: an Assessment of the 2023 Presidential Election
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between electoral administration, political violence, and socioeconomic factors during Nigeria’s 2023 presidential election using a quantitative survey research design. A structured questionnaire was designed and administered to a purposive sample of 120 respondents, representing various demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds. The data collected were then analyzed using SPSS27 software, with statistical tools such as t-tests employed to test the hypotheses formulated. The study aimed to explore the extent of political violence, the effectiveness of electoral administration, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on electoral processes. The findings of the study revealed significant insights into the dynamics of Nigeria’s electoral landscape. Through the t-test analysis, it was established that there existed a significant relationship between electoral administration and political violence during the 2023 presidential election. Additionally, socioeconomic factors were found to have a considerable impact on political violence during electoral processes in Nigeria. These findings highlighted the intricate interplay between institutional frameworks, social factors, and electoral violence, underscoring the complexities inherent in democratic processes in Nigeria. Based on the results, the study concluded that enhancing the effectiveness of electoral administration and addressing socioeconomic disparities were crucial steps in mitigating political violence and ensuring democratic stability. The study recommended policy interventions aimed at strengthening electoral institutions, implementing transparent and impartial electoral processes, and addressing underlying socioeconomic inequalities. Moreover, strategies focusing on civic education, conflict resolution mechanisms, and community engagement could contribute significantly to fostering a peaceful and inclusive electoral environment in Nigeria. In conclusion, this study contributed valuable insights to the existing literature on electoral administration, political violence, and socioeconomic factors in Nigeria. By employing a quantitative survey approach and robust statistical analysis, the study provided empirical evidence supporting the need for targeted interventions and reforms to enhance democratic processes and reduce electoral violence. The recommendations put forth served as a foundation for policymakers, electoral stakeholders, and researchers to address the identified challenges and promote democratic governance in Nigeria’s electoral landscape.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Nigeria, a country known for its vibrant political landscape, has often grappled with issues related to political violence and electoral administration (Jude, 2009). These issues came to the forefront once again during the 2023 presidential election, which was marked by various incidents of violence and challenges in the electoral process (Evren, 2022). The election witnessed a significant amount of political violence, including intimidation of voters, electoral fraud, and violence in different regions (Francis, 2023). These challenges have long been part of Nigeria’s political reality, underscoring the need for a comprehensive assessment of electoral processes and their management.
Understanding the dynamics of political violence and assessing the effectiveness of electoral administration during such crucial events is essential for ensuring democratic stability and progress in Nigeria (Human Rights Watch, 2021). The lack of trust in electoral processes due to these challenges also undermines the legitimacy of elected officials and the overall democratic system (Okeke, 2018). This indicates a systemic issue that goes beyond individual incidents, requiring a deeper analysis of the root causes and systemic improvements needed in Nigeria’s electoral processes.
Political violence during elections is not a new phenomenon in Nigeria; it has historical roots and is influenced by various factors (George, Agada, & Katampe, 2017). Factors such as socioeconomic disparities, ethnic tensions, and inadequate law enforcement contribute to the prevalence of violence during electoral periods (John, 2018). Additionally, the role of political actors, including parties and candidates, in inciting or preventing violence cannot be overlooked (Keyamo, 2023). These factors highlight the complexity of the issue and the need for a multifaceted approach to address political violence effectively.
Electoral administration plays a crucial role in managing and mitigating political violence during elections (Mohammed & Ibrahim, 2021). Effective electoral administration, including transparent processes, robust security measures, and impartial oversight, is associated with reduced instances of violence (Ogundare et al., 2019). However, challenges such as logistical issues, inadequate training of electoral personnel, and political interference can hamper the effectiveness of electoral administration (Ogundare et al., 2022). Addressing these challenges requires systemic reforms and investments in building institutional capacity.
The 2023 presidential election in Nigeria serves as a case study highlighting the interconnectedness of political violence, electoral administration, and democratic stability (Polyas Election Glossary, 2023). It underscores the need for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of electoral processes to enhance democratic governance (Premium Times, 2023). Civil society organizations, international partners, and the Nigerian government must collaborate to implement reforms that strengthen electoral institutions and promote a culture of peaceful and fair elections (Solovyov, 2021). Without addressing these fundamental issues, Nigeria’s democratic progress remains at risk, and political violence could continue to undermine the country’s stability and development.
In conclusion, Nigeria’s experience with political violence and electoral administration during the 2023 presidential election reflects broader challenges in its democratic system (Soni, 2021). While these challenges are significant, they also present opportunities for meaningful reforms and improvements (United States Department of State, 2023). By addressing the root causes of political violence, strengthening electoral institutions, and promoting inclusivity and transparency in the electoral process, Nigeria can pave the way for a more robust and sustainable democratic future.
Statement of Problem
The 2023 presidential election in Nigeria witnessed a significant amount of political violence and raised concerns about the efficiency of electoral administration (Francis, 2023). Despite efforts to improve electoral processes over the years, challenges such as intimidation of voters, electoral fraud, and violence in different regions persist (Evren, 2022). These issues highlight critical gaps that need to be addressed to ensure the integrity and fairness of future elections in Nigeria.
One of the primary gaps is the lack of trust in electoral processes due to recurring incidents of violence and irregularities (Human Rights Watch, 2021). This lack of trust undermines the legitimacy of elected officials and erodes public confidence in the democratic system (Okeke, 2018). Addressing this gap requires not only strengthening electoral laws and regulations but also implementing mechanisms to hold perpetrators of electoral violence and fraud accountable (John, 2018).
Another significant problem is the role of political actors in exacerbating or mitigating political violence during elections (Keyamo, 2023). While electoral laws exist to regulate campaign activities and prevent incitement of violence, enforcement remains a challenge (Ogundare et al., 2022). Political parties and candidates often resort to divisive rhetoric and actions that fuel tensions, leading to violence and electoral malpractice (Polyas Election Glossary, 2023). Bridging this gap requires robust enforcement of electoral laws and codes of conduct for political actors, as well as promoting a culture of peaceful and issue-based political competition (Premium Times, 2023).
Additionally, there is a gap in the effectiveness of electoral administration and security measures in preventing and responding to electoral violence (Solovyov, 2021). Logistical challenges, inadequate training of electoral personnel, and political interference hamper the smooth conduct of elections (Soni, 2021). Strengthening the capacity of electoral institutions, enhancing security arrangements, and ensuring impartiality in electoral administration are crucial steps to fill this gap and improve the overall electoral process in Nigeria (United States Department of State, 2023).
Objectives of the Study
The following specific objectives were examined:
- To assess the extent and nature of political violence during the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of electoral administration in ensuring a free, fair, and credible election.
- To identify the factors contributing to political violence and challenges in electoral administration during the 2023 presidential election.
Research Questions
The following research questions were asked:
- What were the key forms of political violence observed during the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria?
- How did electoral administration contribute to or mitigate political violence during the election?
- What are the main factors influencing political violence and challenges in electoral administration in Nigeria’s electoral process?
Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested:
Null Hypotheses(H0):
- There is no significant relationship between electoral administration and political violence during the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria.
- Socioeconomic factors have no impact on political violence during electoral processes in Nigeria.
Alternative Hypotheses(H1):
- Effective electoral administration is associated with reduced instances of political violence during the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria.
- Socioeconomic factors significantly contribute to political violence during electoral processes in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The significance of studying political violence and electoral administration in Nigeria, particularly in the context of the 2023 presidential election, cannot be overstated. This study holds immense importance for various stakeholders, including policymakers, electoral commissions, civil society organizations, international partners, and the general public.
Firstly, understanding the dynamics of political violence during elections is crucial for identifying and addressing the root causes of conflict. By conducting a comprehensive assessment of the types and sources of political violence observed during the 2023 presidential election, this study can provide valuable insights into the underlying factors contributing to electoral unrest. This knowledge is essential for developing targeted strategies to prevent and mitigate political violence in future electoral processes.
Secondly, evaluating the effectiveness of electoral administration is fundamental to ensuring the integrity and fairness of democratic elections. The 2023 presidential election highlighted challenges such as voter intimidation, electoral fraud, and logistical issues, which impact the credibility of electoral outcomes. By assessing these challenges and identifying areas for improvement in electoral administration, this study can inform reforms aimed at enhancing transparency, accountability, and public trust in the electoral process.
Furthermore, the findings of this study can contribute to enhancing democratic governance in Nigeria. Democratic stability and progress depend on the legitimacy of elected officials and the public’s confidence in electoral institutions. Addressing issues related to political violence and electoral administration is, therefore, essential for upholding democratic principles, protecting human rights, and promoting inclusive political participation.
Moreover, the significance of this study extends to its potential impact on international perceptions of Nigeria’s democratic credentials. A transparent and peaceful electoral process not only strengthens domestic governance but also enhances Nigeria’s reputation on the global stage. Positive developments in electoral management and conflict prevention can attract investment, foster international cooperation, and contribute to Nigeria’s overall socio-economic development.
Additionally, this study’s findings can inform scholarly discussions and contribute to the existing body of knowledge on democracy, governance, and conflict resolution in developing countries. By analyzing empirical data and drawing evidence-based conclusions, researchers can deepen their understanding of electoral dynamics and inform theoretical frameworks for studying political behaviour, institutional design, and democratic consolidation.
Scope of the Study
This study focuses specifically on the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria and its implications for political violence and electoral administration. It includes an analysis of relevant data, reports, and scholarly literature related to the election period and its aftermath. The geographical scope encompasses Nigeria as a whole, considering the diverse regions and their unique political dynamics during elections.
Definition of Terms
Political Violence: Acts of violence, coercion, or intimidation perpetrated for political purposes, including but not limited to physical harm, property damage, and electoral malpractice.
Electoral Administration: The process of organizing and conducting elections, including voter registration, polling, counting, and result declaration, overseen by electoral management bodies.
Democracy: A system of government where power is vested in the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives, based on principles of equality, participation, and accountability.
Legitimacy: The acceptance and recognition of authority or governance as valid and lawful by individuals or institutions within a society.
Electoral Fraud: Illegal practices aimed at manipulating election results, such as ballot stuffing, vote buying, falsification of voter registers, and coercion of voters.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Non-governmental organizations that work to promote the interests and well-being of society, often through advocacy, research, and community engagement.
Governance: The processes and structures through which decisions are made and implemented within a society, encompassing political, economic, and social aspects.
Conflict Resolution: The methods and approaches used to address and resolve disputes, conflicts, or tensions within societies or between different groups or entities.
REFERENCES
- Odeyemi, T. I., Igwebueze, G. U., Abati, O. O., & Ogundotun, A. O. (2022). Political hibernation in between elections: Exploring the online communication and mobilization capacity of Nigeria’s political parties. Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/1002/pa.2804
- Okeke, O. A. (2018). Foundation of Political Science. Abebe Limited.
- Polyas Election Glossary. (2023). Presidential election. Retrieved from Polyas.com/relectar-glossary
- Premium Times. (2023). The highs and lows of Nigeria’s 2023 presidential election. Retrieved from Premiumtimes.ng.com/opinionenvironment/587427editorial-the-highs-and-lows-of Nigeria-2023-presidential-election
- Solovyov, D. (2021). Key political risks to watch in Kyrgyzstan. Fact box. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/presidential
- Soni, D. (2021). Tension mounts on the presidency over Jaga. Vanguard, p. 1.
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