ABSTRACT
Sample of waste collected at Kanwuri Area Sokoto, was analyzed using a groundnut shell and tea bag as natural adsorbent, by adopting the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. And this research showed that groundnut shell and tea bag can be effectively used as an excellent adsorbent for the removal of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr, from aqueous solution. This study also highlights the effect of different parameters such as, contact time, PH, adsorbent dose initial concentration of heavy metal ions. The concentration of heavy metal ions obtained from the analysis, were calculated to be 99.2%, 8.0%, 96.0%, 94.0%, and 92.0%, for Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Lead and Chromium, respectively.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certificate ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 heavy metal ions 1
1.2 Waste water 3
1.3 Groundnut shell 3
1.4 Tea bag 4
1.5 Literature review 4
1.6 Aim and objective 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Materials and method 6
2.1 Materials 6
2.2 Preparation of sample 8
2.3 Preparation of waste water 9
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2.4 Preparation of absorb ate 9
2.5 Analysis of the adsorbent 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Result and discussion 11
3.1 Result 11
3.2 Discussion 13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 16
4.1 Conclusion 16
4.2 Recommendation 16
Reference 17
Appendix 19
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The awareness of increasing water pollution implies studies concerning water treatment, removal of heavy metal ion from industrial waste water are primary importance. The use of natural material for heavy metal ions becomes a concern in all countries. Natural materials that have potential to be used as low cost adsorbent as they represent unused resources are widely available (Dean et, al 1992).
The application of low cost natural adsorbent including carbonaceous material, agricultural product and waste by-product has been investigated in many previous studies which have been recognized as potential alternative to the conventional technologies such as precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction and liquid membrane for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater because these processes have technical and economical constraints (Nguyen et, al; 2001).
1.1 HEAVY METAL IONS
The term “heavy metal “ is collectively applied to a group of metal and metal like element with density greater that 5g/cm3 and atomic number above 20 like (Amal wt, al;2012). And also heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has relatively high atomic weight and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration e.g
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(Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, Cd) etc. or a heavy metal is a chemical element within the upper range of atomic weight (Ward, 1995). Heavy metals ion have been excessively release into environment due to rapid industrialization and cause a major pollutant in the environment due to creatures and human being at high concentration (Beliles 2007). Copper (Cu) is highly toxic because it is non biodegradable and carcinogenic, the effect of Nicket (Ni) exposure very from skin irritation to damage of the lungs nervous system; and mucous membrane. While Zinc (Zn) exposure cause depression. Lethargy, neurological signs and increase thirst. Chromium (Cr) has been considered as one of the top 18th toxic pollutant and because of its carcinogenic and tetratogenic characteristics on the public, it has become a serious health concern. (Khan, et, al; 2006). Nickel and chromium which are widely used as extremely toxic in relatively low dosages, the main pathway through which nickel and chromium enter bodies via waste from industrial process (Alluri, 2007).
Industrial waste water which organization from metal plating, mining activities, smelting, battery, manufacturing, pesticides, pigment, petroleum refining, paint manufacturing, printing and photographic industries etc. Heavy metals ion becomes one of the most serious environmental problems today. (Kadirvelu et al;2001)
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The idea of using various agricultural products for the removal of heavy metal ions from the waste water has been investigated by several number authors (Henderson et, al; 1997). Henderson have investigated the efficiency of number of different organic waste as absorbent for heavy metals ions such absorbent including, coconut shell, rice husk, eggshell, banana peels, groundnut shell, peanut shell, saw dust, waste tea, eucalyptus tree back and leaves etc have been considered for the adsorbent on waste (Henderson et al;1997).
12. WASTE WATER
Waste water from chemical industries such as textile tanneries, Agrochemical ceramic and paint effluent is the attention of the environmental protection agencies all over the world (Chu, 2001). Waste water containing heavy metals are produced each year by textiles industries and other industrial process. These waste water is also carcinogenic, Geenotoxic, mutagenic in both plant and animal species (Alluri, 2007).
There are numerous method currently employed to remove and recover the metal ion from our environment and many physiochemical method have been proposed for their removal of metal ion from waste water (Akhatar, 2002).
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1.3 GROUNDNUT SHELL
Groundnut shell is a carbonaceous fibrous solid waste which is used for so many application, and generally used for its fuel value, it also use for removal of heavy metal ions, such as chromium (iii), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) etc. And also is a source from trustworthy which is one of the renewable agricultural waste products (Parker, 1980).
1.4 TEA BAG
Green tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and also the agricultural product that is very useful, which is above 3.5millions tones of a green tea was consumed annually in the world (Parasad et, al; 2008).
1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW
(Amarasinghe, et al; 2007) they use tea waste as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from waste water, the percentage removal of Cu is 87%, Pb is 90%.
(Cay et, al; 2004) were investigated the removal of Cu (ii) single (non-competitive and binary (competitive) in aqueous system, the removal of Cu (ii) 95% and Cd (ii) 75%.
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(Malkoc et, al; 2005) were investigated for the removal of Nickel from Aqueous solution were by maximum removal of the NI is 95%.
(Henderson, et al; 1997) Have investigated the efficiency of number of different organic waste materials as adsorbent for heavy metal such as coconut shell, rice husk and peanut shell, these show that agricultural product are very adsorbent.
(MShavi et al; 2005) were studied the remova; of Cd, Pb, and Ni from industrial waste water using a tea waste, were by the removal of Cd 87% Pb 95% and Ni 75%.
1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to determine how to use Groundnut shell and Tea waste as natural adsorbent for removal of metal ions from waste water.
The objectives are:
a. To use groundnut shell and tea waste as natural adsorbent.
b. To remove heavy metal ions from waste water.
c. To analyze the kind of metal ions present in waste water.
d. To study the effect of different parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, PH and initial concentration of metal ions.
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