Trace Metal Levels In Fruits Of Anarcadium Occidentalis From Waste-Impacted Soil In Uyo, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Fruits of Anarcadium occidentalis (Cashew) were obtained from five locations within Uyo village Road dumpsite in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.  Fruits of Anarcadium occidentalis were also collected from a location outside the waste dumpsite and used as Control. These samples and Control were analyzed for their lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) content. Results obtained indicated the following ranges for the metals in samples studied: 0.052 – 0.090mg/kg Pb, 0.020 – 0.033mg/kg Cd, 0.021 – 0.028mg/kg, 7.512 – 16.231mg/kg Fe, 0.041 – 0.083mg/kg Zn, and 0.024- 0.051mg/kg. Results obtained revealed that the levels of these metals in samples studied were much higher than in the Control. This study also showed that, the levels of these metals in samples studied were directly proportional to the distance of the sample from the waste dumpsite. The results obtained also indicated that, mean values of Pb, Ni, and Fe were above their recommended limits for fruits by WHO. Consequently, the consumption of Anarcadium occidentalis obtained from Uyo village Road over time may result in health problems associated with toxicity of these metals in the consumers

 

Keywords: Anarcadium occidentalis, Uyo village Road, Trace metals, Dumpsite soil.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page.       .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           I

Certification.   .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           II

Dedication.     .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           III

Acknowledgments.     .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           IV

Abstract.         .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           V

Table of Contents.      .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           VI

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction     .       .         .     .         .         .         .         .         .         1

1.1       Effect of Trace Metal             .           .           .           .           .           .                       .           1

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review       .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           3

2.1       Review of Related Studies     .           .           .           .           .           .           .           3

2.2       Pollution by Trace Metals       .           .           .           .           .           .           .           8

2.3       Trace Metals in Plants .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           9

2.4       Effects of Trace Metals on Living Organisms            .           .           .           .           10

2.4.1    Beneficial Effects       .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           10

2.4.2    Adverse Effects          .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           10

2.5       Health Implications of Open Waste Disposal .           .           .           .           .           10

2.5.1    Heavy Metals. .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           10

2.5.2    Human Exposure to Heavy Metals through Food, Air, and Water    .           .           12

2.7.3    Bio-importance of Heavy Metals Some heavy           .           .           .           .           12

2.5.4    Heavy Metals Poisoning and Biotoxicity The biotoxic.         .           .           .           12

2.5.5    Heavy Metals in Nigerian Dumpsite Soils      .           .           .           .           .           15

2.5.6    Heavy Metals in Dumpsite Particulate Dust Man.     .           .           .           .           16

2.5.7    Heavy Metals in Dumpsite – leachates and Health Implications.       .           .           18

2.5.8    Chemistry of Heavy Metals Pollution            .           .           .           .           .           .           18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       SAMPLING AND COLLECTION         .           .           .           .           .           .           .           22

3.1       SAMPLE PREPARATION     .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           22

3.2       DIGESTION OF SOIL SAMPLES      .           .           .           .           .           .           .           22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results and Discussion           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           23

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations           .           .           .           .           26

5.1       Summary         .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           26

5.2       Conclusion      .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           26

5.3       Recommendations      .           .           .           .           .           .           .           .           26

REFERENCES

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

.0                                                         INTRODUCTION

Account and adequate data of food composition are invaluable for assessing the adequacy of nutrient essential to assess risk of exposure to toxic consumption of trace metals. As developing countries of West Africa becomes industrialized and urbanized, trace metal pollution is likely to reach disturbing levels. It has been pointed out African’s contribution to global lead pollution has increased from frest 5% in 1980s to 20% in 1996 (Nriagu, 1989, WHO, 1996). The critical issues however are that preparation are not made towards the protection of the environmental. Anarcadium occidentalis is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the Cashew seed and the Cashew fruit. The Cashew fruit is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp corn be processed into be sweet astringent fruit drink or distilled into liquor. Despite their institutional benefits, the quality of the fruit may be affected as a result of contamination through various anthropogenic activities such as burning of fossil fuels, discharge of industrial waste, agricultural and domestic waste petroleum mining and prospecting. These activities have cultivated immensely to the release of trace metals into the environment  (Buffus, 1980; Osibanjo, 2004). Continuous mentoring of the levels of their contaminant is very important because of less health implications. Some of these metals have been reported to be extremely  dangerous to human health. Lead is a metabolic poison and a neurotoxin that binds to essential enzymes and several other cellular components’ and in activates them (Cunningham and Saigo, 1997).

• Effect Of Trace Metal

Toxic effects of lead and seen on hemopoietic, nervous gastrointestinal and renal system (Baykor, et al., 1996). Toxic effects of cadmium are kindly dysfunction, hypertension, hepatic injury and Luny damage (John and Jeans, 1994). Zinc is an essential element in food when inadequate in diet, it may head to loss of appetite, immune suppression, growth retardation and low libido. However , high amount can cause nausea , vomiting and stomach cramp (ATSDR, 2004). Nickel is found in common metals such as Jewelries. Breathing  air, drinking water, eating food cause exposure to nicked. Small amount of nicked are needed by human body to produce red blood cells. In pieces amount can become mildly toxic. Although short term exposure to nicked is not known to cause any health problem, but any term exposure can cause decreased body weight, heart and liver damage and skin irritation. Mercury is also known as quick silver is a  naturally toxic element found in air, water and soil mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal pollutants in the environment. Inorganic mercury poisoning is associated with tumors, gingivitis and minor psychological changes with spontaneous abortion and congenital malformation (Wikipedia, 2018).

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