ABSTRACT
Widespread demand for sporting activities in the night has led to the integration of
lighting design in the development of sporting arenas due mainly to lower
temperatures at night, increase in demand for sporting facilities and leisure
considerations. Illumination of sporting arenas is essentially based on floodlighting.
In this thesis the design procedures, calculations and factors for floodlighting were
applied to a football field and the best aiming points to achieve the most uniform
illumination using Monte Carlo Analysis programmed in MATLAB. A more
uniformly illuminated field, would have less glare, but the more uniformly designed
illumination was checked whether it would lead to less energy consumption and
hence reduction in project cost. The illumination which was simulated by the Pointby-
Point equation derived in algebraic form with adjustments for light intensity
changes had the result depicted in Isolux contours. The contours showed visually
that the Monte Carlo Analysis result was satisfactory and a further visual display of
the uniformity gradient showed that the result at the best aiming point had the highest
uniformity gradient of 0.027 Lux/m compared to other points that gave 0.021 Lux/m,
while the field with random aiming points even gave a negative gradient of -0.001
Lux/m. As a field is a mirror image about its width and lengthwise centres, the result
in the quadrant of study was applied to give the final illumination and isolux of the
whole field. Further work could extend the study to other types of arenas and
compare results with practical measurements using goniometer and photometer.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page… … … … … … … … … … i
Declaration… … … … … … … … … … ii
Certification… … … … … … … … … iii
Dedication… … … … … … … … … … iv
Acknowledgements…… … … … … … … … v
Table of Contents… … … … … … … … … vi
List of Figures… … … … … … … … … viii
List of Abbreviations… … … … … … … … ix
Abstract… … … … … … … … … … x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble … … … … … … … … … 1
1.2 Project Motivation… … … … … … … … 2
1.3 Statement of Problem… … … … … … … 2
1.4 Methodology… … … … … … … … 2
1.5 Thesis Outline… … … … … … … … 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … 4
2.2 Theoretical Background… … … … … … … 4
2.3 Exterior Lighting… … … … … … … … 6
2.4 MATLAB Code… … … … … … … … 7
2.5 Energy and Cost Savings… … … … … … … 7
2.6 Light Pollution and Glare Reduction… … … … … 7
7
2.7 Illumination Design for Sporting Arenas… … … … … 8
2.8 Literature Review… … … … … … … … 10
CHAPTER THREE: Proposed Illumination Design Method
3.1 Introduction…… … … … … … … … 12
32. Monte Carlo Analysis… … … … … … … 13
3.3 Improved Uniform Illumination… … … … … … 22
3.4 Applying Monte Carlo Method… … … … … … 24
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Best Aiming Point… … … … … … … … 27
4.2 Energy and Cost Savings… … … … … … … 33
4.3 Applying the Results to the Entire Field… … … … … 34
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
5.1 Introduction…… … … … … … … … 37
5.2 Significance of Research… … … … … … … 37
5.3 Limitation of the Studies… … … … … … … 38
5.4 Conclusion… … … … … … … … … 38
5.5 Suggestions for Further Work… … … … … … 39
References… … … … … … … … … 40
Appendix I… … … … … … … … … 43
Appendix II…… … … … … … … … 44
Appendix III… … … … … … … … 47
Appendix IV… … … … … … … … 50
Appendix V…… … … … … … … … 51
Appendix VI… … … … … … … … 52
Appendix VII… … … … … … … … 54
8
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 PREAMBLE
Illumination design for outdoor sporting arenas is essentially floodlighting
design to which most lighting fundamentals for interior lighting apply except for
absence of reflection components and the fact that viewing of vertical and oblique
surfaces become of primary importance. Floodlighting for arenas has to satisfy the
requirements of players, referees, spectators and Television (TV) cameras, which
often times are conflicting in providing uniform adequate illumination with minimal
tolerable glare, hence the use of group of floodlights mounted on poles, masts,
columns or towers for wide arenas or floodlights mounted on spectator stand fascias
for smaller grounds (Joseph, 2003)
The two main methods of floodlighting calculations are point-to-point
method and lumen method. The lumen method is used to determine the number of
luminance and spread, while the point by point is used to determine the illuminance
at each point. In this, Monte Carlo analysis is applied in determining the aiming point
for each floodlight in each group of floodlights mounted on a column, mast, pole or
tower to give the optimal uniform distribution of illuminance. These aiming points
would otherwise have to be determined by trial and error to achieve the required
uniform illuminance of the arena (Henderson and Marsden, 1972). It is pertinent to
note that each aiming point consists of two angles, of tilt and azimuth. Choosing the
aiming point of a large number of floodlights by trial and error will certainly be
involving and take a long time.
12
An optimally designed illumination of sporting arena is expected to result
from the above steps and consequently lead to less power consumption, which in the
long run will lead to cheaper operational cost and faster project design delivery.
1.2 PROJECT MOTIVATION
The increasing importance of sporting activities for healthy living, leisure and
entertainment has made demand from the populace for sporting facilities in the form
of Mega and Mini Stadia, Gymnasia, Playfields and various courts a regular request
and therefore important to governments and investors. Integral to these sporting
facilities is lighting for spectator stands, participant changing rooms, sporting fields
and courts. It is a fact that the design of such lighting schemes usually involves
costly and various avoidable errors and tight time schedules (Fink and Beatty, 1978).
The design engineer is also usually faced with several client demands or even several
clients with difficult inflexible schedules. It became critical to develop a more cost
effective, better, faster way to undertake such designs for spectator stands,
participant changing rooms, sporting fields and courts.
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Floodlighting design for sporting arenas is time consuming, often fraught
with error, even, involving trial and errors at some stages that lead to inefficiency in
illumination, energy usage and cost.
This thesis seeks to develop a method using Monte Carlo Analysis
programmed in MATLAB that will lead to an optimal illumination of any sporting
arena. The result from the technique will be depicted in isolux contour visualizations
for any chosen outdoor sporting arena.
13
1.4 METHODOLOGY
i. Derivation of improved illumination formula
ii. Application of Monte Carlo method programmed and run in
MATLAB to obtain the best aiming points for a partitioned part of the
sporting arena chosen (field).
iii. Plotting the results for optimised and unoptimised aiming points as
histograms, isolux contours and uniformity gradient comparing and
analysing them.
iv. Applying the results for a partition of the field to the entire field.
v. Drawing conclusions from the analyses, looking at the limitations of
the study and proffering suggestions for further work.
1.5 THESIS OUTLINE
Chapter one gives the general ideas behind this research work. In chapter
two previous studies on related concepts used in these investigations are reviewed,
some background information on the various issues in the work is also presented.
Chapter three presents the derivations of the proposed design equations and Monte
Carlo Analysis. While chapter four gives the results and analysis of the Monte Carlo
Analysis programmed in MATLAB, along with considerations of energy and cost
savings for the improved illumination design. Finally in chapter five the conclusions,
limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies are given.
14
15
IF YOU CAN'T FIND YOUR TOPIC, CLICK HERE TO HIRE A WRITER»
