ABSTRACT
Every nation requires sustainable development to cater for its people
and growing economy. Nigeria is not exempted from this trend. The
fact is that human resources form any established sustainable
development. This implies that the place of teachers cannot be overemphasized
in the teaching-learning process. In Nigeria, it appears
that the teaching of art in Junior Secondary schools faces a lot of
setbacks not only in infrastructural facilities, equipment, tools and art
materials but also in the area of under-employment of trained Art
teachers in schools. This incident may have resulted in students’ lack
of interest in offering Fine Arts at Senior Secondary level. Due to the
important role that Art plays in general education, it is important to
see that this subject is taught well at Junior Secondary level. To
achieve this, both qualified and adequate number of Art teachers
becomes necessary. This study: “Availability and Adequacy of Art
Teachers in Junior Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area
Council, Nigeria” therefore, has specific objectives of assessing the
availability of Art teachers compared to the number of students
offering Fine Arts at the Junior Secondary level; determine what
needs to be done to solve the problem of inadequacy of Art teachers in
the area of study, among others. Survey research design will be
employed in this study with two test instruments; Test of Availability of
art teachers questionnaire” to be administered among Art teachers
and “Test to buttress the data collected through art teachers. The data
generated from the study will be analyzed using simple percentages
and recommendations made from emerging results.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page I … … … … i
Certification Page … … … ii
Approval Page … … … … iii
Dedication… … … … iv
Acknowledgements … … … vvi
Table of Contents … … … viiviii
List of Table and Appendices… … …
ix
Abstract … … … …
x
Chapter One… … … … 1
1.0 Introduction … … … 1
1.1 Background of the Study … … … 1-
51
.2 Statement of the Problem … … …
5-6
1.3 Objectives of the Study … … … 6-
7
1.4 Scope of the Study … … …
7
1.5 Significance of the Study … … … 7 –
9
1.6 Research Questions … … … 9-
10
1.7 Definition of Terms … … …
10
Chapter Two… … …
11
2.0 Review of Literature … … …
11
2.1 Introduction… … … …
11
2.2 The Concept of Art … … …
11-13
8
2.3 Teaching and Objectives of Art Teaching …
13-16
2.4 Purposes of Teacher Education: Curriculum Challenges;
16-24
Qualities and Responsibilities of a desirable, Art Teacher …
2.5 The Challenge of Unemployment and Unemployable Art Teacher
25-28
2.6 The Art Teacher and Challenge of Modern Technology…
28-31
2.7 Capacity Building for Teachers… … …
31-33
2.8 Need to Encourage Students to undertake in Art Education at
Secondary School Level … … …
33-35
2.9 Importance of Art Education in Contemporary Times …
36 -37
2.10 Summary of the Literature Review … … …
37-39
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Method… … …
40
3.1 Introduction.. . … …
40
3.2 Design of the study … … …
40
3.3 Area of the Study … … …
40
3.4 Population of the Study… … … 41
3.5 Sample and Sampling Procedure … …
41-42
3.6 Instrument for the Data Collection … …
43
3.7 Data Collection Process … … …
43
3.8 Validity of Instrument… … …
43
3.9 Reliability of Instrument … … … 43-
44
3.10 Method of Data Analyzes … … …
44
9
Chapter Four… … … …
45
4.0 Data Analyzes and Results … … …
45
4.1 Introduction… … … …
45
4.2 Research Question 1… … … …
45
4.3 Research Question 2 … … … …
47
4.4 Research Question 3 … … … …
49
4.5 Research Question 4 … … … … 50-
51
4.6 Summary of Results 5 … … … 51-
52
Chapter Five
5.0 Discussion of Results and Collection … … 53
5.1 Introduction … … … … 53
5.2 Discussion of Results… … … 53
5.3 Available Vital Human and Materials Resources for
Art Teaching and Learning … … … 53
-55
5.4 Effects of Art Teacher’s Attitude to Continuous Training
Programmes on Students’ Performance … …
49-50
5.5 Use of Modern Technological Devices in Teaching Art…
57-58
5.6 Attitude of Students Toward Arts after Junior Secondary Level
58-59
5.7 Conclusion on the Finding … … …
59-61 5.8 Implications of the Research Finding … …
61-62
5.9 Recommendations on the Study … … …
62-63
5.10 Limitations of the Study …. … … …
63-64 5.11 Suggestions for
Further Studies … … … 64
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Art as a subject has long been accepted and included in the
Nigerian school curriculum. This is dated back to 1922 and that was
the effort of Aina Onabolu, the first art teacher in the country who
started teaching art in some primary schools in Lagos unofficially
after developing art skills through private practices. He later obtained
a diploma in art in London and started teaching art officially on return
to Nigeria.
As a result of students’ growing interest in the subject, Aina
Onabulu appealed to the Government of Nigeria to employ the
services of some foreign art teachers and this led to the coming of
Kenneth C. Murray and Dennis Duerden. Their commitment to the
teaching of art gave rise to the establishment of art centres in Lagos,
Ibadan, Umuahia and Zaria. Ever since, there has been growing turn
out of art teachers from our schools. These teachers are expected to
teach either in the primary, secondary or tertiary institutions.
The focus of this work is to investigate the availability, which is in terms
of employed art teaching staff and the adequacy thereof, which is in
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terms of the quantity of such art teachers in Junior Secondary Schools in
Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). National Policy on Education
(1989:16) states that “Secondary education is the form of education
children receive after primary stage”.
This makes it necessary to examine the purpose of art teacher
education with the view of establishing whether their services are
adequately utilized in Junior Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal
Area Council (AMAC) where art is taught with large student-population
records. The study will reveal the worth of art teachers in this area and
consider, whether they are adequate enough to enhance art teaching and
learning for practical utility. Kanu (1994:104) posits that the relevant
Junior Secondary School teacher therefore has:
i. Clear understanding of the school system within a community
context;
ii. Sound understanding of her teaching subject content
and process skills;
iii. Understanding of the rational, assumption;
iv. and practices of contingency implementation model in
the context of her teaching area;
v. Sound understanding of practical implication for teaching area of
the principal of evaluation by continuous assessment.
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The task of finding out whether the present art teaching staff in
Abuja Municipal Area Council Junior Secondary Schools are achieving
the stipulated art teaching objectives is a pressing need.
In Nigeria today, art teaching in Junior Secondary Schools faces a
lot of setback. These setbacks are not only in shortage of infrastructural
facilities, equipment, tools and art materials, but also in the area of underemployment
of art teachers in the schools. This incident may have resulted
in students’ lack of interest in offering art at Senior Secondary level.
Talabi (1979:2) believes that:
The art of the adolescent reveals the undeveloped mind of
the child in so far as the subject has not grown with him from
childhood. At school certificate level, the sixth-form
child often produced “child art”. At this level art becomes
selective and very few continue for the final certificate
examination.
It should be observed that when students who are expected to form
the nation’s future man-power are not motivated enough to acquire art
skills for necessary uses, the development patterns art could offer will be
manifestly lacking. Obviously, Nigeria is in dire need of sustainable
development to care for its people and growing economy.
The fact remains that it is human resources or man power
availability that will bring about the expected sustainable development.
Thus, it becomes important to know whether the art teachers in the area
of study are in tune with Information and Communication Technology
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(ICT). Ajayi in National Commission on Colleges of Education (NCCE,
2001:162,163) publication states that:
The goal of IT-compliance is necessary to Address some of the traditional
problems of conventional education system such as:
1. Inadequate teaching/learning facilities such as classrooms, libraries
and laboratories;
2. Shortage of quality teachers
3. Inadequate instructional materials.
4. High cost and capital intensive nature of Conventional educational
system.
If the above skill is found to be lacking among art teachers in the
area of study, it then becomes mandatory on the Government and other
stakeholders in the education sector to create appropriate avenues for art
teachers to be duly abreast with modern technology. Such expressive and
problem solving skill acquired through Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) services, invariably, will make art education more
functional and will further contribute to the national development need.
With this in place, learners will also leave the school better
equipped to live sustainably through art projects or find other artrelated
courses such as architecture, engineering and other art-related
courses easier at tertiary education level. UNDP (2004) according to
Chikwe (2007:6) amongst others defines sustainable human
development as:
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Development that not only generates
economic growth but its benefits equitably;
that generates environment rather than
marginalizing them. It is development that
gives priority to the poor, enlarging their
choices and opportunities and providing for
their participation in decisions that affect their
lives. It is development that is pro-nature, projobs
and pro-women.
Due to the important role which art plays in general education, it is
important to see that this subject is well taught in Junior Secondary
School level of education. To achieve this, both qualified and adequate
number of art teachers becomes necessary.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This academic process essentially is meant to investigate
“Availability and Adequacy of Art teachers in Junior Secondary Schools
in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Nigeria”. There has been growing
concern on how Art teachers have abandoned the imparting of this noble
body of knowledge on the younger generation. In recent publications
which include daily tabloid and scholarly books, this concern has become
very obvious.
Talabi acknowledges the lack of enough qualified teachers in our post
primary schools. Talabi is not alone in this position. Uzoagba and Ogboji
corroborated Talabi’s statement.
This study is however concerned with the stream of problems this
may raise. The few teachers we have in Junior Secondary Schools have
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reduced the interest of the present generation of students. A lot of
vocations and academic pursuits that require the contribution of art
knowledge are already in despair following the lack in art education.
Previously, students aiming to be architects, designers and allied
professions find art subject fundamental. Indeed, the knowledge and the
role art education plays in various professions cannot be overemphasized.
On its own as a subject, art education is a source of entertainment and
pleasure. It follows that the nation’s entertainment industry will suffer it
dearly in the event of art teachers not training or reproducing those with
such rare attributes. The study has made adequate data available to justify
the essence of this investigation and offer solution.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The aims of this study include: to
i. Assess the availability of art teachers compared to the number of
students offering Art at Junior Secondary level.
ii. Examine if the Art teachers have opportunities for continuous
improvement in their chosen profession.
iii. Examine whether the students are motivated enough to develop
interest in doing art at Senior Secondary School level.
iv. Examine whether art materials and modern technological
equipment for art teaching and learning are available and adequate
in the Junior Secondary Schools.
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v. Determine what need to be done to curb the trend on inadequate art
Teachers in Junior Secondary Schools.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study: Availability and Adequacy of Art
Teachers in Junior Secondary Schools in Abuja Municipal Area
Council has a defined target. This investigation is carried out not
within the entire Abuja but specified area – Municipal Area
Council. Therefore, places under the Federal Capital Territory but
outside the: Abuja Municipal Area Council” would not be counted
as part of the exercise.
Aside the geographical scope, the study recognizes reasons why
the teaching of the subject had suffered a set back. Yet, it however,
wishes to streamline its analyses on the proportion of art teachers
compared to the students’ population in the Junior Secondary Schools,
available opportunities of art teachers improving their skills, facilities
both for motivating teachers and enhancing teaching and learning in these
schools.
In this same vein, the exercise is interested in the effect of this
problem on the lower part of the post – primary school.
1.5 Significance of the Study
Teachers, students, school administrators, curriculum planners and
Ministry of Education may benefit immensely from the result of this
20
study. The findings of the study will expose art teachers to new
techniques in this technological era. It will also serve as a motivational
factor to art teachers towards continuous studio practices for exhibitions,
income generation and participation in workshops and seminars.
The rich art experiences and benefits of art skills revealed from the
study may attract more students to the study of art at senior secondary
and tertiary levels. Studies in art enhance preparation for social
responsibilities as well as develop in learners’ appropriate abilities and
skills for effective social living. In this way, social behaviour and
attitudes of Nigerians may be improved, with them appreciating the
importance of unity and peaceful coexistence among the diverse ethnic
nationalities in Nigeria. Thus, in the long run, students can develop
positive values, appreciate our cultural heritage and shun attitudes that
are inimical to national image internationally.
School administrators will also benefit from the findings of the
study as they will further gain insight into the role of art teachers and the
importance of art education in the teaching and learning of other subjects
in schools. Such insight may lead them to fully utilize the services of art
teachers, who will subsequently contribute to the general success [of the
school administration by their involvement in artistic design and
beautification efforts.
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The findings of this study will assist the curriculum experts to
articulate essential qualities and responsibilities necessary in 21st century
art teachers. It will also reveal new methods, skills and recommend
values to art teachers for emphasis in teaching-learning encounter.
Both the Federal and State Ministries of Education will also benefit
from the study as the findings will further enlighten them on the art
teachers’ competencies and their role in shaping students for national
development. They will also find this work useful as it will enhance her
knowledge of the needs of the schools in terms of employment of more
qualified and dedicated art teachers, organizing refresher courses for
them and provision of art studios and equipment. It will also enhance the
interest of potential candidates for supervisory functions especially as
what is required of the art teachers are readily available through the
findings of this investigation.
1.6 Research Questions
The following research questions are to be among others in the study:
1. To what extent are the vital human and material resources for art
teaching and learning available?
2. How frequent do art teachers in your school attend art workshops
and seminars?
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3. To what extent do art teachers in your school use modern
technological devices such as computers, projectors, internet and
slides in teaching art?
4. How many students offer art at Senior Secondary School level
5. after Junior Secondary School education in art?
1.7 Definition of terms
Availability: Able to be got, obtained or employed, eligible, qualified
and meeting the required standard
Adequacy: Enough and sufficient in quantity and quality to meet a
need
Art Teacher: A person who studied art as a course of study and is
certified to teach it. In Nigeria, the basic qualification of an art
teacher is Nigeria Certification in Education (NCE).
Junior Secondary School: The lower part of post primary school. In
Nigeria, it includes classes one to three, that is JS1-3.
Abuja Municipal Area Council: One of the six Area Councils in the
Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria. It seats the Federal
Government house named “Aso Rock or Villa”.
Material Resources: Equipment meant to enhance knowledge in any
field of study.
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