Circular Economy Strategies for Reducing Plastic Waste and Pollution FCT-Abuja

Circular Economy Strategies for Reducing Plastic Waste and Pollution FCT-Abuja

Abstract

This study employed a quantitative survey research design to investigate the implementation and impact of circular economy strategies on plastic waste management in FCT Abuja, Nigeria. A meticulously designed structured questionnaire was utilized as the primary instrument to collect data from a sample of 120 respondents. The questionnaire aimed to capture detailed insights into perceptions, behaviours, and attitudes related to plastic pollution and the adoption of circular economy practices. The quantitative survey design facilitated the systematic collection of structured data, aligning with the study’s objectives. The structured questionnaire, distributed among the respondents, ensured consistency and standardization of responses. The adoption of a convenient sampling technique was justified based on practical constraints such as time and resource limitations, emphasizing the feasibility and accessibility of respondents within the study’s context. SPSS27, a widely recognized statistical software, was employed for data presentation and analysis, leveraging its capability to handle large datasets and conduct diverse statistical tests. To rigorously examine the hypotheses formulated in the study, a t-test was applied. The t-test methodology allowed for a nuanced assessment of the significance of observed differences in the data. The findings indicated a substantial relationship between the implementation of circular economy strategies and the reduction of plastic waste in FCT Abuja. Empirical evidence derived from the t-test results supported the study’s hypotheses, highlighting the effectiveness of circular economy practices, including recycling and waste reduction policies, in mitigating plastic pollution. In summary, the study contributes valuable insights to the discourse on sustainable waste management, particularly in the context of plastic pollution. The findings underscore the significance of incorporating circular economy principles into waste management strategies. Recommendations stemming from the study advocate for the implementation of robust waste reduction policies, heightened public awareness campaigns, and active community involvement to ensure the success of circular economy initiatives in addressing plastic pollution.

 

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 Background to the Study

Plastic pollution is a pressing global environmental issue with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human health, and overall quality of life. Even in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria, this problem has not spared the region. The rampant use of plastic products coupled with inadequate waste management practices has led to the widespread accumulation of plastic waste, making it a grave concern for the local population. Plastic pollution, often referred to as the “scourge of the modern world,” poses a significant threat to the environment and the well-being of the community (Ndou & Rampedi, 2022).

The term “plastic pollution” encompasses a myriad of environmental issues caused by plastic waste, including the contamination of natural water bodies, degradation of soil quality, and adverse health effects on both wildlife and humans. One of the primary factors exacerbating this problem is the persistence of plastics in the environment, as they can take hundreds of years to degrade fully (Kaza et al., 2018). This extended lifespan of plastic waste significantly contributes to the accumulation of plastic debris in FCT Abuja and its surrounding areas, impacting both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Plastinina et al., 2019).

FCT Abuja, as the capital of Nigeria, holds a unique position in addressing the issue of plastic pollution, serving as an exemplar for other regions across the country. To effectively combat plastic pollution in this region, circular economy strategies are being considered. A circular economy presents an alternative approach to managing resources and waste, with a strong emphasis on reducing waste, reusing materials, and recycling. This approach aims to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste while also addressing the challenges posed by the current linear economic model that promotes the use and disposal of plastic products without considering their long-term consequences (Batlles-De-La-Fuente et al., 2020).

The issue of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja is multi-faceted and pervasive. With a growing population and urbanization, the consumption of plastic products has surged, leading to a significant increase in plastic waste generation. Many of these plastic products, such as single-use plastics, find their way into the environment due to inadequate waste management systems (Batlles-De-La-Fuente et al., 2020).

Plastic waste accumulates in water bodies, with rivers and streams in the region often clogged with plastic debris, affecting the aquatic ecosystems and water quality. This accumulation of plastic waste in water bodies can also lead to flooding during the rainy season, as blocked water channels cannot efficiently drain excess water (Simatele et al., 2017). The soil in FCT Abuja is not spared either, as plastic waste littered in the environment degrades the quality of soil, affecting agriculture and the livelihoods of many local communities (Kaza et al., 2018).

Additionally, the wildlife in FCT Abuja faces significant threats from plastic pollution. Plastic waste can entangle and harm terrestrial and aquatic animals, leading to injuries and fatalities. Ingestion of plastic particles by animals can disrupt their digestive systems and can even result in death. Furthermore, the toxins present in plastics can leach into the environment, impacting the health of both wildlife and humans (Ogundele et al., 2018).

The impact of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja extends beyond environmental degradation. Plastic pollution poses a direct risk to human health. Improper disposal and the burning of plastic waste release harmful chemicals and pollutants into the air, further exacerbating air quality issues in the region. These pollutants can lead to respiratory problems, allergies, and other health issues among the local population (Mokuolu & Timothy, 2021).

Moreover, the contamination of water bodies with plastic waste affects the quality of drinking water, as these bodies of water are sources of potable water for many communities. The presence of plastic pollutants in drinking water can have adverse health effects, including gastrointestinal problems and the ingestion of harmful chemicals (Kamble et al., 2021).

The socio-economic impact of plastic pollution cannot be understated. In a region where agriculture plays a crucial role in livelihoods, the degradation of soil quality due to plastic waste can lead to reduced agricultural productivity, impacting local communities’ food security and economic well-being (Liberati et al., 2019).

The implementation of circular economy strategies in FCT Abuja represents a viable solution to mitigate plastic pollution. Circular economy principles focus on reducing waste, reusing materials, and recycling, which can significantly reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment (Page et al., 2021).

One critical aspect of circular economy strategies is to promote the responsible consumption of plastic products. This involves reducing the use of single-use plastics and encouraging the use of more durable and reusable alternatives. Implementing policies and regulations that restrict the production and use of single-use plastics can help in this regard (Ezeudu et al., 2021).

Efficient waste management systems are another essential component of a circular economy. Establishing well-managed waste collection and recycling programs can help divert plastic waste from landfills and prevent it from entering natural ecosystems. These programs can encourage the segregation of plastic waste at the source and ensure its proper disposal and recycling (Peiris & Dayarathne, 2022).

The circular economy model also promotes the recycling of plastics, where collected plastic waste is processed and converted into new products. This approach reduces the demand for virgin plastic production and conserves resources (Van Fan et al., 2020). Additionally, the development of recycling industries and facilities can create employment opportunities and stimulate the local economy (Salami et al., 2018).

Collaboration and awareness campaigns are vital to the success of circular economy strategies. Stakeholders, including government bodies, local communities, and the private sector, must work together to implement these strategies effectively. Raising public awareness about the environmental and health impacts of plastic pollution and the benefits of circular

 Statement of Problem

Plastic pollution has emerged as a global environmental crisis with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human health, and overall quality of life. Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria, is not exempt from this pressing issue. The region is grappling with the detrimental effects of plastic pollution, driven by the extensive use of plastic products and inadequate waste management practices.

The term “plastic pollution” encompasses a range of environmental concerns stemming from plastic waste, including contamination of natural water bodies, degradation of soil, and adverse health impacts on wildlife and humans. One of the gravest aspects of this problem is the persistent nature of plastics, which take hundreds of years to degrade fully, intensifying the issue (Ndou & Rampedi, 2022).

FCT Abuja, as the nation’s capital, occupies a unique position in addressing this challenge, as its actions set an example for other regions in Nigeria. Effectively combatting plastic pollution in this region is essential for preserving the environment and the well-being of its inhabitants. To tackle this issue, circular economy strategies are being considered as a potential solution.

Excessive Plastic Waste Generation: The rising urbanization and population growth in FCT Abuja have led to a surge in the consumption of plastic products. Consequently, the region is grappling with a substantial generation of plastic waste, overwhelming existing waste management systems (Kaza et al., 2018).

Environmental Degradation: Plastic pollution extends its reach to water bodies, where rivers and streams suffer from plastic debris accumulation, detrimentally affecting aquatic ecosystems and water quality (Plastinina et al., 2019). This has resulted in concerns about increased flooding during the rainy season, further impacting the environment (Simatele et al., 2017). Soil quality has also been compromised due to the presence of plastic waste, affecting agriculture and local communities’ livelihoods (Kaza et al., 2018).

Health Implications: The consequences of plastic pollution are not limited to the environment. In FCT Abuja, improper disposal and incineration of plastic waste have led to the release of harmful chemicals and pollutants into the air, jeopardizing air quality and public health (Mokuolu & Timothy, 2021). The contamination of water bodies with plastic waste raises concerns about drinking water quality and potential health risks (Kamble et al., 2021).

Socio-economic Impact: The socioeconomic impact of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja is substantial. The degradation of soil quality negatively impacts agriculture, causing a ripple effect on food security and the economic well-being of local communities (Liberati et al., 2019). Moreover, the adverse health effects on the population strain healthcare resources and affect overall well-being.

Lack of Circular Economy Strategies: A critical challenge is the absence of comprehensive circular economy strategies to effectively combat plastic pollution in FCT Abuja. Circular economy principles, which emphasize waste reduction, material reuse, and recycling, are underutilized in the region, hindering a more sustainable approach to waste management (Page et al., 2021).

This study seeks to explore the gravity and nature of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja, assess its multifaceted impact, and analyze the potential benefits of adopting circular economy strategies to mitigate this pressing issue. By addressing these pressing concerns, this research aims to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions to combat plastic pollution in the region, offering valuable insights into similar challenges worldwide.

 Objectives of the Study

This research is guided by three specific objectives, all of which are addressed in the past tense as they are the intended outcomes of the study:

1. To assess the current state of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja, Nigeria, by analyzing the extent and sources of plastic waste in the region.
2. To investigate the potential impact of implementing circular economy strategies in FCT Abuja on the reduction of plastic waste and pollution.
3. To recommend actionable policy measures and behavioural changes for the effective adoption of circular economy practices, specifically tailored to FCT Abuja.

 Research Questions

To address the objectives of this study, the following research questions have been formulated:

1. What is the current extent of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja, Nigeria, and what are its primary sources?
2. How can the implementation of circular economy strategies in FCT Abuja contribute to the reduction of plastic waste and pollution in the region?
3. What specific policy measures and behavioural changes are recommended for the successful adoption of circular economy practices in FCT Abuja?

Research Hypotheses

The study tested the following research hypotheses:

Null Hypotheses(H₀):

1. The current extent of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja is not significantly high, and its sources are limited.
2. Implementing circular economy strategies in FCT Abuja will not significantly reduce plastic waste and pollution in the region.
3. Without the adoption of effective policy measures and behavioural changes, the implementation of circular economy practices in FCT Abuja will not be successful.

Alternative

1. The current extent of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja is significantly high, and its sources are limited.
2. Implementing circular economy strategies in FCT Abuja will significantly reduce plastic waste and pollution in the region.
3. Without the adoption of effective policy measures and behavioural changes, the implementation of circular economy practices in FCT Abuja will be successful.

 Significance of the Study

Plastic pollution is a global crisis affecting ecosystems, human health, and overall quality of life. Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria, faces this issue as well, given the extensive use of plastic products and inadequate waste management practices. The term “plastic pollution” encompasses various environmental challenges, including contamination of natural water bodies, soil degradation, and adverse health effects on wildlife and humans. The persistence of plastics in the environment, taking hundreds of years to degrade, exacerbates the problem.

FCT Abuja, Nigeria’s capital, plays a pivotal role in addressing plastic pollution, setting an example for other regions in the country. To combat this issue effectively, circular economy strategies are being considered. Circular economy emphasizes waste reduction, material reuse, and recycling, to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste.

Excessive plastic waste generation is a significant concern in FCT Abuja, driven by urbanization and population growth. This has led to substantial challenges for waste management systems. Plastic pollution has also resulted in environmental degradation, with water bodies suffering from plastic debris accumulation, impacting aquatic ecosystems and water quality. Soil quality degradation due to plastic waste has further affected agriculture and local communities’ livelihoods.

The health implications of plastic pollution in FCT Abuja extend beyond the environment. Improper disposal and incineration of plastic waste have released harmful chemicals and pollutants into the air, endangering air quality and public health. The contamination of water bodies with plastic waste raises concerns about drinking water quality and potential health risks. These consequences strain healthcare resources and affect the overall well-being of the population.

The socio-economic impact is substantial, with the degradation of soil quality negatively impacting agriculture and, in turn, food security and the economic well-being of local communities. Moreover, the absence of comprehensive circular economy strategies for plastic waste management hinders a more sustainable approach, exacerbating the problem.

This study’s significance lies in its potential to contribute to environmental preservation, public health improvement, and economic development in FCT Abuja. It can inform policymakers and authorities about the extent of plastic pollution and the economic benefits of circular economy strategies. Furthermore, the research findings can serve as a foundation for policy development, not only in FCT Abuja but also as a source of inspiration for regions facing similar challenges globally. Lastly, the study can raise community awareness and empower local initiatives to combat plastic pollution.

 Scope of the Study

This study, conducted within the confines of FCT Abuja, focuses on the problem of plastic pollution and the potential solutions through circular economy strategies. It encompasses a detailed examination of the current state of plastic pollution in the region, analyzing sources, impacts, and areas of concern. Additionally, the study evaluates the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing circular economy practices in FCT Abuja.

The study emphasizes the feasibility of reducing plastic waste and pollution through circular economy strategies and recommends policy measures and behavioural changes tailored to the region. The research does not address broader economic or environmental issues unrelated to plastic pollution or examine the entire nation of Nigeria.

 Operational Definition of Terms

Plastic Pollution: The environmental issue resulting from the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, encompassing various negative consequences such as water contamination, soil degradation, and harm to wildlife and human health.

Circular Economy: An economic model that focuses on minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency by promoting the reuse, recycling, and regeneration of materials and products.

Linear Economic Model: A traditional economic model where products are manufactured, consumed, and then discarded as waste, contributing to resource depletion and environmental degradation.

FCT Abuja: Federal Capital Territory Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria, is located at the centre of the country and serves as the country’s political and administrative hub.

Policy Measures: Specific legislative and regulatory actions taken by governments or organizations to address plastic pollution and promote circular economy practices.

Behavioural Changes: Modifications in individual and collective actions and habits aimed at reducing plastic consumption, promoting recycling, and adopting circular economy principles.

 

References 

• Kamble, C.B.; Raju, R.; Vishnu, R.; Rajkanth, R.; Pariatamby, A. A circular economy model for waste management in India. Waste Manag. Res., 2021, 39, 1427–1436.
• Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. World Bank: Washington, DC, USA.
• Kehinde, O., Ramonu, O., Babaremu, K., & Justin, L. (2020). Plastic Wastes: Environmental Hazard and Instrument for Wealth Creation in Nigeria. Heliyon, 6, e05131.
• Kurniawan, T.A.; Liang, X.; O’callaghan, E.; Goh, H.; Othman, M.H.D.; Avtar, R.; Kusworo, T.D. Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy. Sustainability, 2022, 14, 2374.
• Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 2019, 62, e1–e34.

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