Effectiveness of Exclusive Breastfeeding as a Tool for the Development of Children in Women of Childbearing Age at Akede Community, Osogbo, Osun State
Abstract
This study explored the topic of exclusive breastfeeding practices among women of childbearing age in the Akede community, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Adopting a quantitative survey research design, data were collected from a sample of 120 respondents through a structured questionnaire designed to assess the prevalence and factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. The study utilized SPSS27 for data presentation and analysis. To test hypotheses related to maternal education, socio-economic factors, and the developmental outcomes of exclusively breastfed children, a one-sample t-test was employed, assuming a mean of 0 and using a critical table value of 2.92 at a 5% level of significance. The findings indicated significant associations between maternal education and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, suggesting that higher education levels were linked to increased adherence to exclusive breastfeeding practices. Similarly, socio-economic factors were found to significantly influence exclusive breastfeeding, emphasizing the importance of addressing socio-economic barriers. However, the study did not find conclusive evidence regarding the developmental outcomes of exclusively breastfed children compared to those who were not. In conclusion, the study contributes to the understanding of exclusive breastfeeding practices in Akede and underscores the significance of maternal education and socioeconomic factors in shaping these practices. The limitations, such as potential social desirability bias and the cross-sectional nature of the study, should be considered in interpreting the results. Recommendations include community-based educational programs, initiatives to enhance maternal education, socio-economic support programs, cultural sensitivity training, improved healthcare services, peer support networks, and policy advocacy for breastfeeding-friendly environments.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the practice of feeding infants with only breast milk without the addition of any other liquids or solids, has been widely recognized as a crucial factor in the healthy development of children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, as it provides infants with optimal nutrition, and essential antibodies, and contributes to their overall growth and development (Dukuzumuremyi et al., 2020; Victora et al., 2021). This period is crucial for the establishment of a strong foundation for a child’s future health. The benefits extend beyond nutrition, encompassing cognitive development, reduced risk of infections, and long-term positive effects on intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age (Victora et al., 2021). To fully grasp the implications of exclusive breastfeeding in specific communities, such as Akede in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of women of childbearing age in this context (National Population Commission, ICF International, 2013).
In the Akede community, like many other regions in Nigeria, understanding the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding among women of childbearing age is imperative for promoting child well-being and community development. Several studies conducted in Nigeria emphasize the significance of factors such as maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices in influencing exclusive breastfeeding (Agho et al., 2021; Dudu et al., 2022). Achieving optimal breastfeeding practices requires addressing multifaceted factors that range from individual beliefs to broader community influences. The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2013 provides essential insights into the prevailing breastfeeding practices in the country, offering a foundation for understanding the specific challenges and opportunities in Akede (National Population Commission, ICF International, 2013).
Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices are diverse and context-specific. Studies in urban Kano, Nigeria, highlight predictors such as maternal occupation and knowledge about breastfeeding as significant determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices (Idris et al., 2019). Similarly, in Kware, Nigeria, researchers found that knowledge and practice play pivotal roles in influencing the breastfeeding habits of mothers (Oche et al., 2021). In the Akede community, identifying these factors can inform targeted interventions and educational programs aimed at enhancing exclusive breastfeeding practices.
The role of health workers in promoting exclusive breastfeeding cannot be overstated. In the context of Akede, Nigeria, health workers, particularly those in local government hospitals, play a vital role in shaping maternal knowledge and practices regarding exclusive breastfeeding (Okolo & Ogbonna, 2022). Understanding the attitudes and knowledge of health workers is crucial, as their influence extends beyond individual mothers to the broader community. Interventions aimed at improving health worker knowledge and promoting the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) can contribute significantly to enhancing exclusive breastfeeding practices in Akede.
While emphasizing the importance of exclusive breastfeeding, it is essential to consider the challenges and barriers that women in Akede might face. The impact of socioeconomic factors, cultural beliefs, and the role of family members cannot be ignored (Holtzman & Usherwood, 2018; Gayawan et al., 2022). For instance, a study in Edo state, Nigeria, identified various socio-economic factors influencing breastfeeding practices, indicating the need for targeted interventions tailored to the specific context of Akede (Salami, 2022).
Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new challenges and considerations for breastfeeding practices globally (Aborode et al., 2021). Akede, being part of the larger global community, may have experienced disruptions and changes in breastfeeding practices due to the pandemic. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for designing resilient and adaptive strategies that account for the evolving challenges faced by mothers in Akede.
Statement of Problem
The practice of exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for the optimal health and development of infants, as recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommending it for the first six months of life (Dukuzumuremyi et al., 2020). However, despite these recommendations, there is a significant gap in understanding the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices, particularly among women of childbearing age in the Akede community, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
One notable gap in the existing literature pertains to the limited exploration of the specific socio-cultural factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices in Akede. While studies in other regions of Nigeria have identified various determinants such as maternal knowledge, attitudes, and socio-economic status (Agho et al., 2021; Dudu et al., 2022), it remains unclear how these factors manifest in the unique cultural context of Akede. This gap hinders the development of targeted interventions that can address community-specific challenges and enhance exclusive breastfeeding rates.
Furthermore, there is a dearth of research focusing on the role of health workers in Akede in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. Health workers play a pivotal role in influencing maternal knowledge and practices regarding breastfeeding (Okolo & Ogbonna, 2022). Understanding the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of health workers in Akede is crucial for designing effective training programs and interventions that can positively impact breastfeeding behaviours in the community.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exclusive breastfeeding practices in Akede remains unexplored. The pandemic has introduced unprecedented challenges globally, affecting various aspects of healthcare, including maternal and child health practices (Aborode et al., 2021). Investigating how the pandemic has influenced breastfeeding behaviours in Akede is essential for adapting strategies to the current context and ensuring the resilience of breastfeeding practices amid evolving challenges.
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to achieve the following objectives:
- To assess the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among women of childbearing age in Akede community, Osogbo, Osun State.
- To examine the factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the community.
- To evaluate the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on the developmental outcomes of children in the community.
Research Questions
The study addressed the following research questions:
- What is the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among women of childbearing age in Akede community, Osogbo, Osun State?
- What factors influence the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the community?
- What is the perceived impact of exclusive breastfeeding on the developmental outcomes of children in the community?
Research Hypotheses
The study formulated the following hypotheses:
Null Hypotheses(H0):
- There is no significant association between maternal education and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the Akede community.
- Socio-economic factors do not significantly influence the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the community.
- Children who are exclusively breastfed do not demonstrate better developmental outcomes than those who are not.
Alternative Hypotheses(H1):
- There is a significant association between maternal education and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the Akede community.
- Socio-economic factors significantly influence the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the community.
- Children who are exclusively breastfed demonstrate better developmental outcomes than those who are not.
Significance of the Study
The examination of exclusive breastfeeding practices in the Akede community carries substantial implications for diverse stakeholders invested in maternal and child health. The outcomes of this research hold the potential to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community leaders, shedding light on the existing breastfeeding practices and their implications for child development. This understanding is instrumental in shaping informed strategies and interventions that aim to optimize the health and well-being of infants in Akede.
Healthcare professionals stand to benefit significantly from a nuanced comprehension of exclusive breastfeeding practices in Akede. By gaining insights into the prevalent barriers and facilitators influencing breastfeeding behaviours, healthcare professionals can tailor their guidance and support to meet the specific needs of mothers in the community. This knowledge equips them to provide more targeted and effective interventions, thereby contributing to the enhancement of exclusive breastfeeding rates and subsequently improving child health outcomes.
Policymakers, too, can leverage the findings of this study to formulate evidence-based policies that address the unique dynamics of breastfeeding practices in Akede. Understanding the local context, including cultural, social, and economic factors, enables policymakers to design interventions that resonate with the community’s specific needs. In turn, this facilitates the development of policies that foster a conducive environment for exclusive breastfeeding, aligning with global health recommendations and contributing to broader public health goals.
Community leaders play a crucial role in influencing social norms and behaviours. The insights generated from this study empower them to advocate for and implement community-specific initiatives that promote exclusive breastfeeding. By identifying and addressing challenges faced by mothers in Akede, community leaders can actively contribute to the creation of a supportive environment that encourages and normalizes exclusive breastfeeding practices. This collaborative effort not only benefits individual families but also fosters a community-wide culture of prioritizing infant health.
In essence, unravelling the intricacies of exclusive breastfeeding in Akede is a multifaceted endeavour with far-reaching implications. The knowledge derived from this study catalyzes targeted interventions, shaping the practices and policies that underpin child health in the community. Through the collaborative efforts of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community leaders, the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in Akede becomes a shared commitment towards ensuring the optimal development and well-being of the next generation.
Scope of the Study
The study focused on women of childbearing age in Akede community, Osogbo, Osun State. It explored the prevalence, influencing factors, and developmental outcomes associated with exclusive breastfeeding in this specific community. The research also considered the socio-economic and cultural context that may affect breastfeeding practices.
Operational Definition of Terms
To ensure clarity and consistency in the study, the following key terms were operationally defined:
Exclusive Breastfeeding: The practice of feeding infants only breast milk, without the addition of any other liquids or solids, for the first six months of life.
Developmental Outcomes: The measurable indicators of a child’s physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional growth and progress.
Prevalence: The proportion of women practising exclusive breastfeeding among the total number of women of childbearing age in the Akede community.
Influencing Factors: The socio-economic, cultural, and personal determinants that affect a woman’s decision and ability to practice exclusive breastfeeding.
Socio-economic Factors: The economic and social conditions that may influence a woman’s access to resources and support for exclusive breastfeeding.
Maternal Education: The level of formal education attained by women of childbearing age in the Akede community.
Cultural Beliefs: The shared values, norms, and traditions within the Akede community that may impact breastfeeding practices.
Healthcare Professionals: Individuals with expertise in healthcare, including doctors, nurses, and community health workers, who play a role in promoting and supporting exclusive breastfeeding practices.
REFERENCES
- Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. Sage.
- Victora, C.G., Horta, B.L., De Mola, C.L., Quevedo, L., Pinheiro, R.T., Gigante, D.P., et al. (2021). Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. The Lancet Global Health, 3(4), e199–e205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70002-1
- Walters, D., Kakietek, J.J., Eberwein, J.D., Pullum, T., & Shekar, M. (2022). Breastfeeding in the 21st century. The Lancet, 387(10017), 2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30546-3
- Wana, A.D. (2017). Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice on exclusive breastfeeding of child-bearing mothers in Boditi town, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 7(8), 130.
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Designs and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
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