ABSTRACT
Recently, video art concepts in Africa have been haunted by tentacles of
universalism, transculturation and acculturation that threaten their socio-cultural
thresholds prospectively. The implication of this includes a muted indigenous
voice and the possibility of the genre not being indigenously personalised by
African artists in the course of its development. The intent of this research is to
address this. Methodologically, it is strictly but flexibly constrained to video art
footages that are sometimes depicted in the form of animated drawings. Nsibidi
and uli motifs have been chosen because of their aesthetic and functional
qualities. Finally, the strategic approach adopted in the organisation of the study
is the researcher’s attempt to justify and satisfactorily contain the vast nature of
its subject matter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page………………………………………………………………i
Certification……………………………………………………………ii
Approval page………………………………………………………….iii
Dedication page…………………………………………………………iv
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………..v
Abstract….………………………………………………………………x
List of figures……………………………………………………………xi
List of plates……………………………………………………………xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..….1
Background to the Study…………………………………………………………….1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………6
Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………………6
Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………..7
Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………………….8
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………….8
Research Methodology………………………………………………………………..9
Organisation………………………………………………………………………….10
viii
CHAPTER TWO :LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………11
Video Art, a Conceptual Delineation…………………………………………………12
Animation as a Contemporary African Art Form…………………………………..16
Indigenous Motifs, its Socio-cultural Significance…………………………………..19
Selected Nigerian Motifs: Uli and Nsibidi ……………………………………………21
i. Uli motif…………………………………………………………………………21
ii. Nsibidi……………………………………………………………………………25
Adaptation of Uli and Nsibidi motifs by Selected Nsukka Artists……………………27
A Historical Survey of Selected Artists and Their Works……………………………30
Video Art in Africa: Conceptual Developments since 1980………………………… 33
i. The period, 1980 to 1989 …………………………………………………………33
ii. The period, 1990 to 1999………………………………………………………..34
iii. The period, 2000 to present…………………………………………………….35
New Directions of Video Art from Africa: A Harvest of Fresh Budding Artists…..37
CHAPTER THREE: PROCEDURE AND PRESENTATION OF WORKS……….43
A. Tools and Materials…………………………………………………………………..43
B. Working Process………………………………………………………………………45
C. Study for Uli/ Nsibidi Motifs…………………………………………………………47
D. Selected Studio Sketches…………………………………………………………….49
E. Drawings for Animation………………………………………………………………51
i. Storyboard Sketches for Video
art………………………………………………56
F. Working Process For Creative Photography………………………………………..60
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF WORKS…………………………………………63
A. Animation…………………………………………………………………………64
B. Video Art/ Video installation…………………………………………………….68
C. Creative Photography…………………………………………………………….72
D. Visual Communication Designs………………………………………………….80
ix
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………87
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….89
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………92
x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
African art has been in contention with the growing challenges and influences
imposed on it by western perspectives on modern art over the years. Among other factors,
these challenges are sometimes associated with the ideal indigenous creative communication
pattern and its adaptation to this burgeoning global art phenomenon without characterising a
compromised cultural inflection. One cannot ostracize the fundamental role culture plays in a
society. It is a vital aspect of a people’s very humanity and identity (Teaero, 2002). In Africa,
however, art is wholly integrated in the socio-cultural norms of ethnic groups in nations
across the continent; in fact, culture is a holistic part of art and vice versa. Teaero (2002)
further stresses on the threats haunting this pattern, this shrewd manifestation and dictation of
what he dubbed ‘eurocentricism’ in the African artistic expression when he states:
There is a salient need for newer ways of expressing the African traditional ideologies
and worldviews in a relevant and updated contemporary language for the purpose of
preserving, establishing, and empathically communicating the continent’s cultural identity
and ideals. It is also necessary for this ideological approach to be adapted to the evolving
twenty-first century art world. So far, this syndrome, what the researcher would refer to as an
As an important part of culture, art has always been
traditionally conceived, produced, used, distributed, and
critiqued by islanders from their ethnocentric
perspectives. Over the centuries alternative perspectives
– especially from a Eurocentric viewpoint– were
introduced, used and perpetuated through the school
system.(ibid.)
xv
“afro-centric renaissance in modern art”, has affected areas in the visual arts such as sculpture
and painting. On the contrary, however, there is an obvious conceptual dearth when it comes
to the aspect of employing the multimedia and, more specifically, video art as a medium for
expressing and projecting this concept.
The works of prominent African video artists like William Kentridge (South Africa)
exhibit a kind of universality that was not created to be interpreted from that cultural angle.
More so, they are actually not intended to do that. Perhaps this is because Video art, which is
an art that combines music, dance, performance, and computer graphics, shown on video, is
not only a relatively new genre in art, but is quite an alien concept in Africa unlike the other
aspects of arts that have definitive historical roots in the continent. Interestingly, it is a new
and exciting art and technological development that is fast becoming a huge consideration
fraught with endless innovative possibilities to both the artistic and academic worlds.
Kentridge’s works are primarily animations or animated drawings to be more precise.
Animation could be defined as:
Furniss further states:
the term implies to to creations on film, video, or
computers, and even to motion toys, which usually
consist of a series of drawings or photographs on paper
that are viewed with a mechanical device or by flipping
through a hand-held sequence of images (for example,
a pad of paper can be used to create an animated
flipbook of drawings). The term cartoon is sometimes
used to describe short animated works (under ten
minutes) that are humorous in nature. (Ibid)
motion pictures created by recording a series of still
images—drawings, objects, or people in various
positions of incremental movement—that when played
back no longer appear individually as static images but
combine to produce the illusion of unbroken motion.”
(Furniss, 2007).
xvi
Video art has generally undergone some conceptual evolution over the years, since its
introduction in the modern art scene around the late fifties and early sixties. Presently, an
avalanche of video art presentations have been created by artists and non-artists alike because
the medium itself is easy to obtain and manipulate by both professional and nonprofessionals
alike. What separates the video artist from the experimental video consumer is creativity; that
is the artist’s ability to manipulate the medium in order to address a whole range of issues in
its thematic content.
The integral Africa identity and worldview has been compromised in this new genre
of modern art. Unlike the other aspects of the visual arts, the challenges confronting video art
are connected with the technology that actually initiated it. Furthermore, the tendency of the
art to be abused due to the relatively easy accessibility of the technology by consumers and
the overabundance of easy-to-use editing software is another problematic issue. It is
important, since this art is still in its early stages when compared to the other arts, that the
African ideology be integrated into video art footages and themes, at least aesthetically.
There are very few video art footages in existence truly project the African ideologies and
motifs conceptually. In addition, it was Uche Okeke’s (1961) letter to the then president,
Nnamdi Azikiwe, which stoked the embers that later flared up the radical development of the
natural synthesis philosophy in Nsukka years later. The content of the letter reads:
I believe that it is only through the acceptance of
‘natural synthesis’ that the conflicts of the
contemporary African mind must be resolved…the
African artist must live in his culture and express or
interprete the yearnings of his society. He must not live
in an ivory tower (Okeke, 1961).
xvii
Uche Okeke was not just the leader and founding member of the Art Society
(popularly known as ‘Zaria Rebels’) that was formed in 1958, reputed for their propagation
of the Natural synthesis ideology, he also played a significant role in its development. The
Natural Synthesis ideology, as the name implies, involved ‘the acceptance of much of
European media and technique (though not barring experimentation with these)’ and the
development of styles and content close to the students’ Nigerian experience, whether it be
their own cultural tradition, that of other Nigerian cultures, or current Nigerian life’
(Ottenberg, 1997). Ottenberg, in citing Okeke’s 1960 speech to fellow members (which later
became its manifesto) states that this synthesis “was to be natural, unconscious, and unforced,
to come from the experience of the individual artists, including from their cultures” (ibid.)
The project is an investigation and creative exploration of the bridge that connects the
possibilities this new form of art offers with the integral creative tenets of indigenous
concepts in order to initiate a new artistic trans-cultural paradigm. The videos will involve
interpreting selected proverbs in staged and animated footages, and will also exhibit a sort of
aesthetic visual conundrum that is both poetic and surrealistic. The motifs and sketches will
be animated and sometimes interfaced with the abstract motion backgrounds in most of these
videos. All of these will relate to the general idea of the respective concepts. The visual
effects will not be entirely subjected to software manipulation alone; other creative strategies
and mediums will be employed if they are appropriate in ensuring a creative expression of the
video art. The project will be deliberately streamlined to accommodate motifs and ideas that
are indigenous to the Igbo (that is the uli and nsibidi motif), because of the patterns and
symbols inherent in them that are somewhat unanimous and relatively easier to access.
xviii
Statement of the Problem
Although there is an impressive display of dynamism in terms of video art concepts
shown by notable video artists in Africa, Europe and the rest of the globe, there is still an
aspect that has not been extensively explored or addressed in the aesthetic aspect of the
footages. The African socio-cultural identity, for instance, has been lost or ignored entirely in
these conceptual outbursts.
xix
There is therefore a need for diversities in artistic expression that individualizes the
African artists’ video concepts in a socio-cultural context, hence establishing a plausible and
effective platform for their respective projection.
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the research is to investigate the following issues:
To synthesize indigenous motifs and ideas into created video art footages in order to
arrive at themes that reveal socio-cultural ideologies. This would be achieved through
drawings, digital adaptation of the motifs to video footages and animations via appropriate
video and animation software alongside other relevant media hardware like HD cameras and
green screen props
To creatively employ innovative techniques that will bring out interesting results, as
well as approaches that reflect the African socio-cultural identity. Most of the concepts will
be captured chance occurrences and selected reference footages with socio-cultural allusions,
all of which will be digitally manipulated
To creatively manipulate the themes of video art footages in order to address issues
from a socio-cultural perspective. As earlier stated, the researcher will use video editing
software like Adobe Aftereffect, Pinnacle, Adobe Premier, Corel Video Studio to achieve
this. The researcher will also adopt a strategic process which will involve a workflow; that is
using the software that will best enhance an effect rather than wholly concentrating on one
xx
To examine the challenges or factors that have restricted and discouraged African
artists from exploring video art from this socio-cultural point of view and recommend
strategies in addressing this.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant because it will ensure that the African identity is not lost in
the growth and evolution of the expressive content of video art for subsequent African video
artists engaged in the medium. Ultimately, since video art is an aspect of visual
communication, it will introduce and further enhance the concept of hybridity with
indigenous designs, which will consequently inspire graphic designers to explore that
relatively uncharted area.
This study will also help to situate the African indigenous motif and values in the
history of the art for future reference and provide avenues for further research in this area.
Finally, it will add to written literature in the area of visual communication.
Scope of the Study
This research will focus on the aspect of video art that deals with capturing of staged
or chance performances that are in consonance with a specific theme. Also, other approaches
such as animation and installation video art will be explored. These strategic approaches are
necessary since the emphasis is on integrating socio-cultural idioms, like uli and nsibidi
motifs for example, into the fabric of the themes, and not using the technology itself as a tool
to achieve this, which on the long run will produce contradictory results.
Limitations
xxi
In the course of executing this project, the researcher encountered some challenges
that somewhat threatened the achievement of its stipulated aims and objectives.
Time factor is one that posed one of the greatest challenges during the course of
completing this research. Making of standard animations requires time and usually teamwork.
This is because of the enormous number of storyboards sketches that are meant to capture
each frame, as well as other aspects like sound effects and the like. The making of standard
animations usually require departments that are created to handle each of these aspects
effectively under a stipulated time frame and budget.
The high cost involved in successfully executing this project to its optimum was also
another limitation. Many of the hardware and software to be used to arrive at some interesting
and highly professional effects were very expensive and sometimes quite hard to find. The
researcher had to make do with downloaded trial versions, which had limited functions and
time usage.
Research Methodology
The collection of data for this research was through primary and secondary sources.
The primary sources involved fieldwork. The equipment used for the fieldwork include
writing pads, sketch pads and multimedia materials like ipads and tablets.
Data was also collected through secondary sources. The Nnamdi Azikiwe Library of
the University of Nigeria, Departmental library and the library at the Centre for
Contemporary art (CCA), Yaba, Lagos played important roles in this sense. Most of the data
were sourced from the books, theses, journals, magazines, articles and catalogues retrieved
from these libraries. In addition, the internet was necessary because it enabled the researcher
gain access to significant information from very rare books that would have been virtually
xxii
impossible to reach in Nigerian libraries. Data that involved video interviews and video art
footages from notable artists, retrieved from social media and sites like Youtube, were made
possible because of the internet.
Five major approaches were also adopted in the data analysis. They include aesthetic,
functional, historical, stylistic, and iconographic methods. The rationale behind the adoption
of these approaches is significant and relevant because of the following reasons:
The aesthetic approach was necessary in order to examine the quality of the
compositions in the video footages and animations based on its effectiveness in inducing a
pleasing visual appeal; the functional approach was used to ascertain the importance of
integrating ingenious motifs into video art concepts and animations; the stylistic approach for
analyzing the nature of used materials and their various techniques and distribution patterns;
and the iconographic approach for discussing the meanings associated with the symbols and
grabbed stills of the videos and animations.
Organisation
The research report has been structured into seven chapters. The first chapter
introduces the research and addresses the background, objective, significance, scope of the
study, as well as the methodology among others. The literature relevant to the research will
be reviewed in Chapter 2, while in chapter three the socio-cultural significance of the selected
motifs will be evaluated within the context of Nigerian modern art. Chapter 4 will be a
review of some Nigerian video artists who have made some invaluable contributions to the
development of the art in Nigeria. In chapter five, the methodological and technical approach
xxiii
for the execution of the video art concepts. The themes of the concepts will be discussed in
the sixth chapter, while the research will be concluded in the seventh.
Do you need help? Talk to us right now: (+234) 08060082010, 08107932631 (Call/WhatsApp). Email: [email protected].
IF YOU CAN'T FIND YOUR TOPIC, CLICK HERE TO HIRE A WRITER»
